AMC 22.1581  Flight manual

ED Decision 2003/13/RM

General

An acceptable format for a Flight Manual is given on the next pages.

SPECIMEN FLIGHT MANUAL FOR A SAILPLANE (INCLUDING A POWERED SAILPLANE)

Model:

Serial No:

Registration:

Document No. (If appropriate):

Date of Issue:

Pages identified by ‘Appr.’ are approved by:

                                                                  Signature:

                                                                  Agency:

                                                                  Stamp:

                                                                  Original date of approval:

This sailplane is to be operated in compliance with information and limitations contained herein.

(Model Designation or Document No.)

0.1     Record of revisions

Any revision of the present manual, except actual weighing data, must be recorded in the following table and in case of approved Sections endorsed by the Agency.

The new or amended text in the revised page will be indicated by a black vertical line in the left hand margin, and the Revision No. and the date will be shown on the bottom left hand of the page.

(i)

(Model Designation or Document No.)

0.2     List of Effective Pages

(ii)

(Model Designation or Document No.)

0.3     Table of Contents

(iii)

(Model Designation or Document No.)

Section 1

1.       General

1.1     Introduction

1.2     Certification basis

1.3     Warnings, cautions and notes

1.4     Descriptive data

1.5     Three-view drawing

1.1

(Model Designation or Document No.)

1.1     Introduction

The sailplane flight manual has been prepared to provide pilots and instructors with information for the safe and efficient operation of the ...................................... sailplane.

This manual includes the material required to be furnished to the pilot by CS–22. It also contains supplemental data.

1.2     Certification basis

This type of sailplane has been approved by (Agency) in accordance with CS–22 including Amendment .................... and the Type Certificate No. ............. has been issued on (date) ....... Category of Airworthiness (Utility, Aerobatic) ..................................... Noise Certification Basis.....................................

1.3     Warnings, cautions and notes

The following definitions apply to warnings, cautions and notes used in the flight manual.

WARNING:   means that the non-observation of the corresponding procedure leads to an immediate or important degradation of the flight safety.

CAUTION:    means that the non-observation of the corresponding procedure leads to a minor or to a more or less long term degradation of the flight safety.

NOTE:                   draws the attention on any special item not directly related to safety but which is important or unusual.

1.4     Descriptive data

(Kind of sailplane or powered sailplane)

(Design details)

(Engine and propeller)

(Span, length, height, MAC, wing area, wing loading)

1.2

(Model Designation or Document No.)

1.5     Three-view drawing

1.3

(Model Designation or Document No.)

Section 2

2.       Limitations

2.1     Introduction

2.2     Airspeed

2.3     Airspeed indicator markings

2.4     Power-plant, fuel and oil

2.5     Power-plant instrument markings

2.6     Weight

2.7     Centre of gravity

2.8     Approved manoeuvres

2.9     Manoeuvring load factors

2.10   Flight crew

2.11   Kinds of operation

2.12   Minimum equipment

2.13   Aerotow and winch- and autotow-launching

2.14   Other limitations

2.15   Limitations placards

2.1

(Model Designation or Document No.)

2.1     Introduction

Section 2 includes operating limitations, instrument markings, and basic placards necessary for safe operation of the sailplane, its engine, standard systems and standard equipment.

The limitations included in this section and in Section 9 have been approved by (Agency).

2.2     Airspeed

Airspeed limitations and their operational significance are shown below:

(If further speed limitations are required they must be added hereon).

Appr. 2.2

(Model Designation or Document No.)

2.3     Airspeed indicator Markings

Airspeed indicator markings and their colour- code significance are shown below:

2.4     Power-plant, fuel and oil

Engine Manufacturer:

Engine Model:

Maximum Power,  Take- off:

Continuous:

Maximum Engine rpm at MSL,  Take-off:

Continuous:

Maximum Cylinder Head Temperature:

Maximum Oil Temperature:

Oil Pressure, Minimum:

 Maximum:

Fuel (specification):

Oil grade (specification):

(if applicable: Fuel-oil mixture specification)

Propeller manufacturer:

Propeller model:

Appr. 2.3

(Model Designation or Document No.)

2.5     Power-plant instrument markings

Power-plant instrument markings and their colour-code significance are shown below:

Appr. 2.4

(Model Designation or Document No.)

2.6     Mass (weight)

Maximum take-off mass:

(with water ballast)

(without water ballast)

Maximum landing mass:

Maximum mass of all non-lifting parts:

Maximum mass in baggage compartment:

2.7     Centre of gravity

Centre of gravity range (for flight)

A table of c.g. ranges at different empty weights

Reference datum

2.8     Approved manoeuvres

This sailplane is certified in the ………………………….. category.

(If aerobatic figures are approved, they must be listed herein with reference to Section 4 for recommended entry speeds).

2.9     Manoeuvring load factors

(Maximum positive and negative load factors under different conditions must be listed herein).

2.10   Flight crew

(In the case of a two-seater the limitations for solo flights must be given herein).

2.11   Kinds of operation

(Herein must be listed the approved kinds of operation according to CS 22.1525).

2.12   Minimum equipment

(Herein must be listed the minimum equipment such as airspeed indicator, altimeter, compass etc. required for normal cross-country flights and the required additional equipment for cloud flying or aerobatic flights, if applicable).

2.13   Aerotow and winch- and autotow-launching

(Herein must be listed the approved towing speeds, the towing cable or weak link strength and the minimum cable length).

Appr. 2.5

(Model Designation or Document No.)

2.14   Other limitations

(Provide a statement of any limitation required by CS 22.1581(c), but not specifically covered in this Section).

Intentional manoeuvres not approved with water ballast, or limitations associated with asymmetric water ballast conditions must be listed.

Weight and Balance control procedures for in flight C.G. control must be stated if necessary.

The time required to jettison the water ballast.

Any approved water ballast additives, proportions to be used and any associated temperature and/or time limitations.

Any outside temperature/time limitation associated with the carriage of water ballast.

2.15   Limitations placard

(The operating limitations placard required in CS 22.1559 must be illustrated).

Water ballast jettison time.

Note: For further placards refer to Maintenance Manual Doc. No....

Appr. 2.6

(Model Designation or Document No.)

Section 3

3.       Emergency procedures

3.1     Introduction

3.2     Canopy jettison

3.3     Bailing out

3.4     Stall recovery

3.5     Spin recovery

3.6     Spiral dive recovery

3.7     Engine failure (carburettor icing)

3.8     Fire

3.9     Other emergencies

3.1

(Model Designation or Document No.)

3.1     Introduction

Section 3 provides checklist and amplified procedures for coping with emergencies that may occur.

3.2     Canopy jettison

(Procedures must be provided for jettisoning the canopy in an emergency).

3.3     Bailing out

(Procedures must be provided for safely getting out and clear of the sailplane).

3.4     Stall recovery

(The stall recovery procedure must be explained).

3.5     Spin recovery

(The recovery procedure from an unintentional spin must be explained. A statement must be included that the sailplane is not, or not in all configurations, approved for spins. If applicable, the influence of water-ballast should be taken into account).

3.6     Spiral dive recovery

(The recovery procedure from a spiral dive must be explained. The influence of water-ballast should be taken into account).

3.7     Engine failure

(Procedures must be provided for all cases of engine failure during take-off and flight, for powered sailplanes only).

3.8     Fire

(Procedures must be provided for coping with cases of smoke or fire in the cockpit or in the engine compartment in the following flight phases:

(a)      on the ground

(b)      during take-off

(c)      in flight).

3.9     Other emergencies

(Emergency procedures and other pertinent information necessary for safe operations must be provided for emergencies peculiar to a particular sailplane design, operating or handling characteristics. Continued safe take-off, flight and landing procedures for any malfunction which can cause an asymmetric flight condition must be described in the emergency section of the flight manual).

Appr. 3.2

(Model Designation or Document No.)

Section 4

4.       Normal procedures

4.1     Introduction

4.2     Rigging and de-rigging

4.3     Daily inspection

4.4     Pre-flight inspection

4.5     Normal procedures and recommended speeds

4.5.1  Launch/engine starting, run up, taxying procedures

4.5.2  Take-off and climb

4.5.3  Flight (including inflight engine stop/start procedures)

4.5.4  Approach

4.5.5  Landing

4.5.6  Flight with water ballast

4.5.7  High altitude flight

4.5.8  Flight in rain

4.5.9  Aerobatics

4.1

(Model Designation or Document No.)

4.1     Introduction

Section 4 provides checklists and amplified procedures for the conduct of normal operation. Normal procedures associated with optional systems can be found in Section 9.

4.2     Rigging and de-rigging.

(The procedure for rigging and de-rigging must be explained. Special attention must be drawn to connections to be made in the control systems and the attachment points of wings and empennage).

4.3     Daily inspection

(The recommended daily inspection must be explained)

(Note: The daily inspection could be continued in the Maintenance Manual but should primarily be in the Flight Manual, as it is related to pilot activity).

4.4     Pre-flight inspection

(The recommended pre-flight inspection must be explained. Special attention must be drawn to connections in the control systems and the attachment points of wing and empennage).

4.5     Normal procedures and recommended speeds

(This chapter must contain the recommended normal procedures for the phases listed under 4.5.1 through 4.5.9 and the recommended air speeds, if applicable.

If take-off, flight and landing characteristics are different in rain this should be specially stated herein.

Under 4.5.3 must be noted that flights in conditions conducive to lightning strikes must be avoided, unless the sailplane is approved for lightning strike conditions.

Water ballast tank filling, draining and jettisoning procedure(s) must be described.

Description of continued safe take-off, flight and landing procedures with partial or full water ballast).

Appr. 4.2

(Model Designation or Document No.)

Section 5

5.       Performance

5.1     Introduction

5.2     Approved data

5.2.1  Airspeed indicator system calibration

5.2.2  Stall speeds

5.2.3  Take-off performance

5.2.4  Additional information

5.3     Non-approved further information

5.3.1  Demonstrated crosswind performance

5.3.2  Flight polar

5.3.3  Noise data (for powered sailplanes only)

5.1

(Model Designation or Document No.)

5.1     Introduction

Section 5 provides approved data for airspeed calibration, stall speeds and take-off performance and non-approved further information.

The data in the charts has been computed from actual flight tests with the sailplane and engine in good condition and using average piloting techniques.

5.2     Approved data

5.2.1  Airspeed indicator system calibration

(The data must be presented as Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) versus Indicated Airspeed (IAS) assuming zero instrument error. The presentation should include all flap setting configurations and should cover the appropriate speed operating range).

5.2.2  Stall speeds

(The data must be presented as indicated airspeed versus flap setting configurations and angle of bank at maximum weight with and without water-ballast; in case of a powered sailplane, with throttle closed.

Altitude loss of more than 30m and pitch below the horizon of more than 30 degrees during recovery from stalls should be added, if applicable).

5.2.3  Take-off performance

(For powered sailplanes take-off distances).

5.2.4  Additional Information (Information must be provided according to CS 22.1581(c))

5.3     Non-approved further information (In this section further information should be presented as follows:)

5.3.1  Demonstrated crosswind performance

(The maximum crosswind velocity at which take-offs and landings have been demonstrated should be presented together with the launching methods used).

5.3.2  Flight polar

(For sailplanes the rate-of-descent versus flight speed should be presented, including minimum descent speed and best angle of glide speed.

For powered sailplanes additional data should be presented as endurance time versus altitude for various power settings and at least a full fuel loading with the engine running all the time).

5.3.3  Noise data (for powered sailplanes only)

(The certificated noise data must be presented).

Appr. 5.2

(Model Designation or Document No.)

Section 6

6.       Weight and balance

6.1     Introduction

6.2     Weight and Balance Record and permitted payload-range

6.1

(Model Designation or Document No.)

6.1     Introduction

This Section contains the payload range within which the sailplane may be safely operated.

Procedures for weighing the sailplane and the calculation method for establishing the permitted payload range and a comprehensive list of all equipment available for this sailplane and the installed equipment during the weighing of the sailplane are contained in the applicable Maintenance Manual Doc. No. ..... .

6.2

(Model Designation or Document No.)

6.2     Weight and Balance Record/permitted payload range

Example for a single seater

For calculation of the permitted max. and min. pilot weight refer to Maintenance Manual Doc. No. .....

(The influence of fuel and water-ballast must be furnished)

Example for a tandem seater

For calculation of the max. and min. crew + passenger weight refer to Maintenance Manual Doc. No.....

6.3

(Model Designation or Document No.)

Section 7

Note: The following is an example of items which may be included in this Section.

Duplication of information is not necessary and should be avoided.

7.       General sailplane and systems description

7.1     Introduction

7.2     Cockpit controls

7.3     Instrument panel

7.4     Landing gear system

7.5     Seats and safety harness

7.6     Pitot and static system

7.7     Air brake system

7.8     Baggage Compartment

7.9     Water ballast system

7.10   Powerplant

7.11   Fuel system

7.12   Electrical system

7.13   Miscellaneous equipment

7.1

(Model Designation or Document No.)

7.1     Introduction

This Section provides description and operation of the sailplane and its systems. Refer to Section 9, Supplements, for details of optional systems and equipment.

7.2     Cockpit controls

(Describe the arrangement of the cockpit controls and their operating functions).

7.3     Instrument panel

(Provide a drawing or picture of the instrument panel. Identify the instruments, lights switches, circuit breakers and warning lights installed on the panel or in the cockpit).

7.4     Landing gear system

(Describe the system and explain the use of it).

7.5     Seats and safety harness

(Describe the adjustment of the seats, if applicable, and the safety harness installed).

7.6     Pilot and static system

(Describe the system with a good schematic).

7.7     Airbrake System

(Describe the kind of the system; airbrakes, flaps or brake-chutes and explain the use of it, if necessary).

7.8     Baggage compartment

(Describe location and tie-down provisions. Explain restrictions regarding weight and kind of baggage).

7.9     Water-ballast system

(Describe the system with a good schematic and explain the operation and anti-freeze recommendation).

7.10   Powerplant

(Describe the engine, the engine controls and instrumentation. Describe the propeller and explain how the propeller should operate).

7.11   Fuel System

(Describe the system with a good schematic and explain the operation. Explain unusable fuel. Explain the fuel measuring system and the fuel venting system. Explain the fuel/oil mixing method).

7.12   Electrical system

(Describe the system by use of simplified schematics. Explain how this system operates including warning and control devices. Explain circuit protections. Discuss battery capacity and load shedding).

7.13   Miscellaneous equipment

(Describe important equipment not already covered).

7.2

(Model Designation or Document No.)

Section 8

8.       Sailplane handling, care and maintenance

8.1     Introduction

8.2     Sailplane inspection periods

8.3     Sailplane alterations or repairs

8.4     Ground handling/road transport

8.5     Cleaning and care

8.1

(Model Designation or Document No.)

8.1     Introduction

This Section contains manufacturer’s recommended procedures for proper ground handling and servicing of the sailplane. It also identifies certain inspection and maintenance requirements which must be followed if the sailplane is to retain that new-plane performance and dependability. It is wise to follow a planned schedule of lubrication and preventive maintenance based on climatic and flying conditions encountered.

8.2     Sailplane inspection period

(Reference to Maintenance Manual of the (powered) sailplane)

8.3     Sailplane alterations or repairs

It is essential that the Agency be contacted prior to any alterations on the sailplane to ensure that the airworthiness of the sailplane is not compromised.

For repairs refer to the applicable Maintenance Manual Doc. No.......

8.4     Ground handling / road transport

(Describe the carrying and lifting provisions for the sailplane. Explain the following procedures, if applicable:

(a)      Towing

(b)     Parking

(c)      Tie-down

(d)     Preparing for road transport with special instructions for attaching the wings, fuselage and empennage in the transport vehicle, if appropriate).

8.5     Cleaning and care

(Describe cleaning procedures for at least the following aircraft items:

canopy

painted exterior surfaces (especially the leading edge of the wing)

and explain the recommended cleaning agents and give caution notes, if necessary).

8.2

(Model Designation or Document No.)

Section 9

9.       Supplements

9.1     Introduction

9.2     List of inserted supplements 9.3 Supplements inserted

9.1

(Model Designation or Document No.)

9.1     Introduction

This Section contains the appropriate supplements necessary to safely and efficiently operate the sailplane when equipped with various optional systems and equipment not provided with the standard sailplane.

9.2     List of inserted supplements

9.3     Supplements inserted

(Each supplement must normally cover only a single system, device or piece of equipment such as a removable powerplant or an autopilot system. The supplement may be issued by the sailplane manufacturer or by any other manufacturer of the applicable item.

The supplement must be approved by the Agency and must contain all deviations and changes relative to the basic Flight Manual.

Each supplement must be a self-contained, miniature Flight Manual with at least the following:

Section 1, General

The purpose of the Supplement and the system or equipment to which it specifically applies must be stated.

Section 2, Limitations

Any change to the Limitations, markings or placards of the basic Flight Manual must be stated. If there is no change, a statement to that effect must be made.

Section 3, Emergency Procedures

Any addition or change to the basic emergency procedures of the Flight Manual must be stated. If there is no change, a statement to that effect must be made.

Section 4, Normal Procedures

Any addition or change to the basic normal procedures of the Flight Manual must be stated. If there is no change, a statement to that effect must be made.

Section 5, Performance

Any effect of the subject installation upon sailplane performance as shown in the basic Flight Manual must be indicated. If there is no change, a statement to that effect must be made.

Section 6, Weight and balance

Any effect of the subject installation upon weight and balance of the sailplane must be indicated. If there is no change, a statement to that effect must be made)

9.2