GM1 Article 3(15) Definitions

• ED Decision 2025/007/R found in: Ground Handling (GH) (2025/23 and 2025/20) (Nov 2025)

##### GM1 Article 3(15) Definitions *ED Decision 2025/007/R* **AIRCRAFT PUSHBACK** (a) Nose‑gear‑controlled pushback includes either the towbar method, where the rearward movement and steering of the aircraft are controlled by a vehicle and towbar attached to the nose gear, or the towbarless method, where a vehicle is attached directly to the nose gear. (b) Main‑gear‑controlled pushback involves using a vehicle that grasps the aircraft’s main‑gear tyres to provide rearward movement, while directional control is provided from the flight deck using the nose‑wheel steering system.