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12.2. Appendix 2: List of operational hazards for ATC services

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ED Decision 2019/004/R found in: GM Remote Aerodrome Air Traffic Services (Jan 2026)

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##### 12.2. Appendix 2: List of operational hazards for ATC services

*ED Decision 2019/004/R*

**Table 2** below lists the operational hazards and the
operational effects for the ATC services, as derived from the SESAR
safety work, performed in the framework of the SESAR JU programme.
They are valid in the context of both single mode of operation as
well as multiple mode of operation. However, it should be noted that
the list of operational hazards was developed for the specific
operational applications and context that was studied and using the
specific methodology as described in the SESAR safety assessment
reports [27], [31] and [34]. Therefore, if using this list as initial
input, it needs to be adapted as necessary, taking into account the
local conditions and the operational application and context of the
particular implementation as well as the addition of potential system
hazards.

**Table 2: List of operational hazards (SESAR safety assessment —
ATC case)**

<table cellpadding="7" cellspacing="0">
<col/>
<col/>
<col/>
<thead>
<tr>
<td bgcolor="#f3f3f3">
ID
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f3f3f3">
Description
</td>
<td bgcolor="#f3f3f3">
Operational
					effects
</td>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-01
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly coordinates with other ATS unit with respect to
					inbound/outbound traffic.
</td>
<td>
A
					potential conflict can be induced.

Imminent
					infringement.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-02
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly manages the entry of a flight into traffic
					circuit.
</td>
<td>
A
					potential conflict can be induced.

Imminent
					infringement.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-03
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly manages arriving aircraft. 

</td>
<td>
A
					potential conflict can be induced.

Imminent
					infringement.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-04
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly manages departing aircraft.
</td>
<td>
A
					potential conflict can be induced

Imminent
					infringement
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-05
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide appropriate separation to traffic in the
					vicinity of the aerodrome.
</td>
<td>
Imminent
					infringement.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-06
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide appropriate separation to traffic with
					respect to restricted areas.
</td>
<td>
Tactical
					conflict.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-07
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly manages missed approach situation.
</td>
<td>
Imminent
					infringement.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-08
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC does not detect in time conflicts/ potential collision
					between aircraft in the vicinity of the aerodrome.
</td>
<td>
Imminent
					collision.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-09
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC does not detect in time restricted area infringements.
</td>
<td>
Tactical
					conflict.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-10
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide appropriate instruction to resolve a
					conflict between traffic in the vicinity of the aerodrome.
</td>
<td>
Imminent
					collision.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-11
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide appropriate instruction to resolve an
					airspace infringement.
</td>
<td>
Tactical
					conflict.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-12
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide appropriate information to departing
					aircraft for the 
start-up.
</td>
<td>
Tactical
					taxiway conflict generated.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-13
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to enable push-back/towing operations to appropriate
					aircraft. 

</td>
<td>
Tactical
					taxiway conflict generated.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-14
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC provides inadequate taxiing instruction to aircraft on the
					manoeuvring area.
</td>
<td>
Encounter
					with aircraft, vehicle or obstacle.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-15
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC provides inadequate taxiing instruction to vehicle on the
					manoeuvring area.
</td>
<td>
Encounter
					with aircraft, vehicle or obstacle.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-16
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC does not detect in time potential conflict on the
					manoeuvring area.
</td>
<td>
Imminent
					collision.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-17
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide appropriate instruction to resolve
					conflicts on the manoeuvring area.
</td>
<td>
Imminent
					collision.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-18
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide (appropriate) navigation support to
					aircraft and vehicle on the manoeuvring area.
</td>
<td>
Tactical
					taxiway conflict generated.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-19
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly manages runway entry for a departing aircraft
					(occupied runway). 

</td>
<td>
Runway
					conflict.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-20
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly manages runway exit for a landing aircraft.
</td>
<td>
Runway
					conflict.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-21
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly manages runway crossing (occupied runway) for a
					vehicle or an aircraft.
</td>
<td>
Runway
					conflict.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-22
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to properly support departing and landing aircraft
					(with respect to visual aids). 

</td>
<td>
Runway
					conflict.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-23
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly manages vehicle-related tasks on the runway.
</td>
<td>
Runway
					conflict.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-24
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly manages aircraft take-off (occupied runway).
</td>
<td>
Runway
					conflict.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-25
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC incorrectly manages aircraft landing (occupied runway).
</td>
<td>
Runway
					conflict.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-26
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to detect in time runway incursions (aircraft or
					vehicles).
</td>
<td>
Runway
					penetration.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-27
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide appropriate instruction to resolve runway
					incursion and prevent potential collision on the runway.
</td>
<td>
Runway
					penetration.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-28
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to detect in time a flight towards terrain in the
					vicinity of the aerodrome.
</td>
<td>
Imminent
					controlled flight into terrain (CFIT).
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-29
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide appropriate support to pilot in a CFIT
					situation.
</td>
<td>
Imminent
					CFIT.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-30
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to establish sufficient wake-turbulence spacing
					between aircraft.
</td>
<td>
Turbulence
					in front of the aircraft at a distance less than the separation
					minima.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-31
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to properly support landing/ 
take-off operations
					with respect to weather conditions.
</td>
<td>
Potential
					landing accident/runway excursion.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-32
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to properly support landing/ 
take-off operations
					with respect to runway conditions and potential foreign object
					debris.
</td>
<td>
Potential
					landing accident/runway excursion.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-33
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to properly support departing and arriving aircraft on
					the runway with respect to non-visual aids.
</td>
<td>
Potential
					landing accident/runway excursion.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-34
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to detect in time an intrusion inside landing-air
					protection area.
</td>
<td>
Potential
					landing accident/runway excursion.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-35
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide appropriate ATC services with respect to
					operational environment conditions on the aerodrome and its
					vicinity.
</td>
<td>
This
					hazard is already covered by more detailed hazards already
					identified above, potentially inducing conflicts in the vicinity
					of the aerodrome or on the manoeuvring area due to inappropriate
					understanding of the operational environment conditions.

This
					hazard is related to all other hazards EXCEPT:

OH-01,
					OH-08, OH-09, OH-13, OH-16, OH-26, OH-28, OH-34.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-36
</td>
<td>
ATC
					resources are incorrectly managed in the RTC for the remote
					provision of ATC services.
</td>
<td>
In
					case a controller has to manage more traffic than expected, the
					controller workload could be negatively impacted and so the
					capability to provide ATC services.

This
					hazard is to be considered as part of ALL the other hazards in
					which controller errors are a potential cause.
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td>
OH-37
</td>
<td>
Remote
					ATC fails to provide appropriate ATC services due to
					inappropriate capability of the remote tower system.
</td>
<td>
This
					hazard is already considered as part of ALL other hazards
					already identified above in which equipment failure/errors are
					potential causes, potentially inducing conflicts in the vicinity
					of the aerodrome or on the manoeuvring area. 

</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>