Compare and highlight differences

Compare / EASA/ Incorporated Amendments/ Compare & Highlight Differences

GM2 SPA.HOFO.145 Flight data monitoring (FDM) programme

Available versions for ERULES-1963177438-13123

ED Decision 2021/008/R found in: Air Operations (965/2012) Part-ARO Part-ORO Part-CAT Part-SPA Part-NCC Part-NCO Part-SPO (Sep 2023)
ED Decision 2025/020/R found in: Air Operations Revision 24 Part-ARO Part-ORO Part-CAT Part-SPA Part-NCC Part-NCO Part-SPO (Mar 2026)

From

Show details Hide details

GM2 SPA.HOFO.145 Flight data monitoring (FDM) programme

ED Decision 2021/008/R

ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE AND INDUSTRY GOOD PRACTICE

(a) Additional guidance material for the establishment of an FDM programme can be found in:

(1) International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Doc 10000 — Manual on Flight Data Analysis Programmes (FDAP); and

(2) United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA) CAP 739 — Flight Data Monitoring.

(b) Examples of industry good practice for the establishment of FDM can be found in:

(1) HeliOffshore— Helicopter Flight Data Monitoring (HFDM) Recommended Practice for Oil and Gas Passenger Transport Operations, Version 1.0, September 2020 (HO-HFDM-RP-v1.0);

(2) European Operators Flight Data Monitoring forum (EOFDM) — Preparing a memorandum of understanding for an FDM programme;

(3) EOFDM — Best practice document: Key performance indicators for a Flight Data Monitoring programme; and

(4) EOFDM — ‘Breaking the silos’, Fully integrating Flight Data Monitoring into the Safety Management System.

(c) Table 1 provides examples of FDM event definitions that may be further developed using operator- and helicopter-specific limits. This table is considered illustrative and non-exhaustive. Appendix 5 to HO-HFDM-RP-v1.0 contains other examples of FDM event definitions. More important than the number of FDM event definitions that are programmed in the FDM software is that those definitions cover, as much as practicable, the operational risks that have been identified by the operator.

Table 1 — Examples of FDM event definitions

<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="606"><thead><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Event title/description</td><td valign="top" width="185">Parameters required</td><td valign="top" width="252">Comments</td></tr></thead><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" width="606"> Ground</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Outside air temperature (OAT) high — Operating limits</td><td valign="top" width="185">OAT</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when the helicopter is operated at the limits of OAT.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Sloping-ground high-pitch attitude</td><td valign="top" width="185">Pitch attitude, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when the helicopter is operated at the slope limits.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Sloping-ground high-roll attitude</td><td valign="top" width="185">Roll attitude, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when the helicopter is operated at the slope limits.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Rotor brake on at an excessive number of rotations (main rotor speed) (NR)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Rotor brake discreet, NR</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when the rotor brake is applied at too high NR.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Ground taxiing speed — max</td><td valign="top" width="185">Ground speed (GS), ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when the helicopter is ground taxied at high speed (wheeled helicopters only).</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Air taxiing speed — max</td><td valign="top" width="185">GS, ground switch (similar), radio altitude (Rad Alt)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when the helicopter is air taxied at high speed.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive power during ground taxiing</td><td valign="top" width="185">Total torque (Tq), ground switch (similar), GS</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when excessive power is used during ground taxiing.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Pedal — max left-hand (LH) and right-hand (RH) taxiing</td><td valign="top" width="185">Pedal position, ground switch (similar), GS or NR</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when the helicopter flight controls (pedals) are used to excess on the ground. GS or NR to exclude control test prior to rotor start.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive yaw rate on ground during taxiing</td><td valign="top" width="185">Yaw rate, ground switch (similar), or Rad Alt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when the helicopter yaws at a high rate when on the ground.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Yaw rate in hover or on ground </td><td valign="top" width="185">Yaw rate, GS, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when the helicopter yaws at a high rate when in a hover.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">High lateral acceleration (rapid cornering)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Lateral acceleration, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify high levels of lateral acceleration, when ground taxiing, that indicate high cornering speed.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">High longitudinal acceleration (rapid braking)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Longitudinal acceleration, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify high levels of longitudinal acceleration, when ground taxiing, that indicate excessive braking.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Cyclic-movement limits during taxiing (pitch or roll)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Cyclic stick position, ground switch (similar), Rad Alt, NR or GS</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify excessive movement of the rotor disc when running on ground. GS or NR to exclude control test prior to rotor start.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive longitudinal and lateral cyclic rate of movement on ground</td><td valign="top" width="185">Longitudinal cyclic pitch rate, lateral cyclic pitch rate, NR</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect an excessive rate of movement of cyclic control when on the ground with rotors running.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Lateral cyclic movement — closest to LH and RH rollover</td><td valign="top" width="185">Lateral cyclic position, pedal position, roll attitude, elapsed time, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect the risk of a helicopter rollover due to an incorrect combination of tail rotor pedal position and lateral cyclic control position when on ground.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive cyclic control with insufficient collective pitch on ground</td><td valign="top" width="185">Collective pitch, longitudinal cyclic pitch, lateral cyclic pitch</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect an incorrect taxiing technique likely to cause rotor head damage.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Inadvertent lift-off</td><td valign="top" width="185">Ground switch (similar), autopilot discreet</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect inadvertent lifting into hover.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" width="606"> Flight — Take-off and landing</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Day or night landing or take-off</td><td valign="top" width="185">Latitude and Longitude (Lat &amp; Long), local time or UTC</td><td valign="top" width="252">To provide day/night relevance to detected events.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Specific location of landing or take-off </td><td valign="top" width="185">Lat &amp; Long, ground switch (similar), Rad Alt, total Tq</td><td valign="top" width="252">To give contextual information concerning departures and destinations.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Gear extension and retraction — airspeed limit</td><td valign="top" width="185">Indicated airspeed (IAS), gear position</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when undercarriage airspeed limitations are breached.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Gear extension &amp; retraction — height limit</td><td valign="top" width="185">Gear position, Rad Alt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when undercarriage altitude limitations are breached.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Heavy landing</td><td valign="top" width="185">Normal/vertical acceleration, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when hard/heavy landings take place.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Cabin heater on (take-off and landing)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Cabin heater discreet, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify use of engine bleed air during periods of high power demand.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">High GS prior to touchdown (TD)</td><td valign="top" width="185">GS, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), elapsed time, latitude, longitude</td><td valign="top" width="252">To assist in the identification of ‘quick stop’ approaches.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" width="606"> Flight — Speed</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">High airspeed — with power</td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS, Tq 1, Tq 2, pressure altitude (Palt), OAT</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify excessive airspeed in flight.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">High airspeed — low altitude</td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS, Rad Alt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify excessive airspeed in low-level flight.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Low airspeed at altitude</td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS, Rad Alt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify a ‘hover out of ground’ effect.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Airspeed on departure (&lt; 300 ft)</td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS, ground switch (similar), Rad Alt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify shallow departure.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">High airspeed — power off </td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS, Tq 1, Tq 2 or one engine inoperative (OEI) discreet, Palt, OAT</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify limitation exceedance of power-off airspeed.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Downwind flight within 60 sec of take-off</td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS, GS, elapsed time</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect early downwind turn after take-off.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Downwind flight within 60 sec of landing</td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS, GS, elapsed time</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect late turn to final shortly before landing.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" width="606"> Flight — Height</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Altitude — max</td><td valign="top" width="185">Palt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect flight outside of the published flight envelope.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Climb rate — max</td><td valign="top" width="185">Vertical speed (V/S), or Palt, or Rad Alt, Elapsed time</td><td valign="top" width="252">Identification of excessive rates of climb (RoC) can be determined from an indication/rate of change of Palt or Rad Alt.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">High rate of descent</td><td valign="top" width="185">V/S</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify excessive rates of descent (RoD).</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">High rate of descent (speed or height limit)</td><td valign="top" width="185">V/S, IAS or Rad Alt or elevation</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify RoD at low level or low speed.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Settling with power (vortex ring)</td><td valign="top" width="185">V/S, IAS, GS, Tq</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect high-power settling with low speed and with excessive rate of descent.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Minimum altitude in autorotation</td><td valign="top" width="185">NR, total Tq, Rad Alt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect late recovery from autorotation.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Low cruising (inertial systems)</td><td valign="top" width="185">GS, V/S, elevation, Lat &amp; Long</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect an extended low-level flight. Ground speed is less accurate with more false alarms. Lat &amp; Long used for geographical boundaries.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Low cruising (integrated systems)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Rad Alt, elapsed time, Lat &amp; Long, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect an extended low-level flight.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" width="606"> Flight — Attitude and controls</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive pitch (height related — turnover (T/O), cruising or landing)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Pitch attitude, Rad Alt elevation, Lat &amp; Long</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify inappropriate use of excessive pitch attitude during flight. Height limits may be used (i.e. on take-off and landing or &lt; 500 ft) — Lat &amp; Long required for specific-location-related limits. Elevation less accurate than Rad Alt. Elevation can be used to identify the landing phase in a specific location.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive pitch (speed related — T/O, cruising or landing)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Pitch attitude, IAS, GS, Lat &amp; Long</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify inappropriate use of excessive pitch attitude during flight. Speed limits may be used (i.e. on take-off and landing or in cruising) — Lat &amp; Long required for specific-location-related limits. GS less accurate than IAS.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive pitch rate</td><td valign="top" width="185">Pitch rate, Rad Alt, IAS, ground switch (similar), Lat &amp; Long</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify inappropriate use of excessive rate of pitch change during flight. Height limits may be used (i.e. on take-off and landing). IAS only for IAS limit, ground switch (similar) and Lat &amp; Long required for specific-location-related limits.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive roll/bank attitude (speed or height related)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Roll attitude, Rad Alt, IAS/GS</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify excessive use of roll attitude. Rad Alt may be used for height limits, IAS/GS may be used for speed limits.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive roll rate</td><td valign="top" width="185">Roll rate, Rad Alt, Lat &amp; Long, Ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">Rad Alt may be used for height limits, Lat &amp; Long and ground switch (similar) required for specific-location-related and air/ground limits. </td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive yaw rate</td><td valign="top" width="185">Yaw rate</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect excessive yaw rates in flight.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive lateral cyclic control</td><td valign="top" width="185">Lateral cyclic position, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect movement of the lateral cyclic control to extreme left or right positions. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive longitudinal cyclic control</td><td valign="top" width="185">Longitudinal cyclic position, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect movement of the longitudinal cyclic control to extreme forward or aft positions. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive collective pitch control</td><td valign="top" width="185">Collective position, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect exceedances of the aircraft flight manual (AFM) collective pitch limit. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive tail rotor control</td><td valign="top" width="185">Pedal position, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect movement of the tail rotor pedals to extreme left and right positions. Ground switch (similar) required for pre or post T/O.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Manoeuvre G loading or turbulence</td><td valign="top" width="185">Lat &amp; Long, normal accelerations, ground switch (similar) or Rad Alt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify excessive G loading of the rotor disc, both positive and negative. Ground switch (similar) required to determine air/ground. Rad Alt required if height limit required.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Pilot workload/turbulence</td><td valign="top" width="185">Collective and/or cyclic and/or tail rotor pedal position and change rate (Lat &amp; Long)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect high workload and/or turbulence encountered during take-off and landing phases. Lat &amp; Long required for specific landing sites. A specific and complicated algorithm for this event is required. See United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (UK CAA) Paper 2002/02.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Cross controlling</td><td valign="top" width="185">Roll rate, yaw rate, pitch rate, GS, accelerations</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect an ‘out of balance’ flight. Airspeed could be used instead of GS.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Quick stop</td><td valign="top" width="185">GS (min and max), V/S, pitch</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify inappropriate flight characteristics. Airspeed could be used instead of GS.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" width="606"> Flight — General</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">OEI — Air</td><td valign="top" width="185">OEI discreet, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect OEI conditions in flight.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Single engine flight</td><td valign="top" width="185">No 1 engine Tq, No 2 engine Tq</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect single-engine flight.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Torque split</td><td valign="top" width="185">No 1 engine Tq, No 2 engine Tq</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify engine-related issues.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Pilot event</td><td valign="top" width="185">Pilot event discreet</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when flight crews have depressed the pilot event button.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) traffic advisory (TA)</td><td valign="top" width="185">TCAS TA discreet</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify TCAS alerts.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Training computer active</td><td valign="top" width="185">Training computer mode active or discreet </td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when helicopter have been on training flights.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">High/low rotor speed — power on</td><td valign="top" width="185">NR, Tq (ground switch (similar), IAS, GS)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify mishandling of NR. Ground switch (similar), IAS or ground speed required to determine whether helicopter is airborne.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">High/low rotor speed — power off</td><td valign="top" width="185">NR, Tq (ground switch (similar), IAS, GS)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify mishandling of NR. Ground switch (similar), IAS or ground speed to determine whether helicopter is airborne.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Fuel content low</td><td valign="top" width="185">Fuel contents</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify low-fuel alerts.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Helicopter terrain awareness and warning system (HTAWS) alert</td><td valign="top" width="185">HTAWS alerts discreet</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when HTAWS alerts have been activated.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Automatic voice alert device (AVAD) alert</td><td valign="top" width="185">AVAD discreet</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify when AVAD alerts have been activated.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Bleed air system use during take-off (e.g. heating)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Bleed air system discreet, ground switch (similar), IAS</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify use of engine bleed air during periods of high power demand.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Rotors’ running duration</td><td valign="top" width="185">NR, elapsed time</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify rotors’ running time for billing purposes.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" width="606"> Flight — Approach</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach heading change</td><td valign="top" width="185">Magnetic heading, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position, elapsed time </td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach pitch attitude</td><td valign="top" width="185">Pitch attitude, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach rod GS</td><td valign="top" width="185">Altitude rate, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach track change</td><td valign="top" width="185">Track, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach angle of bank</td><td valign="top" width="185">Roll attitude, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach — rod at specified height</td><td valign="top" width="185">Altitude rate, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach — IAS at specified height</td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS, Rad Alt, ground switch (similar), gear position</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Glideslope deviation above or below</td><td valign="top" width="185">Glideslope deviation</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify inaccurately flown instrument landing system (ILS) approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Localiser deviation left and right</td><td valign="top" width="185">Localiser deviation</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify inaccurately flown ILS approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Low turn to final</td><td valign="top" width="185">Elevation, GS, V/S, heading change</td><td valign="top" width="252">Airspeed could be used instead of GS.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Premature turn to final</td><td valign="top" width="185">Elevation, GS, V/S, heading change</td><td valign="top" width="252">Airspeed could be used instead of GS.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach — climb</td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS (min &amp; max), V/S (min &amp; max), elevation</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach — descent</td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS (min &amp; max), V/S, elevation</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach — bank</td><td valign="top" width="185">IAS (min &amp; max), V/S, elevation, roll</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Stable approach — late turn</td><td valign="top" width="185">Heading change, elevation, GS</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify unstable approaches.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Go-around</td><td valign="top" width="185">Gear select (Rad Alt)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify missed approaches. Rad Alt for height limit.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Rate of descent on approach</td><td valign="top" width="185">Altitude rate, Rad Alt, Lat &amp; Long, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify high rates of descent when at low level on approach. Rad Alt if below specified height, Lat &amp; Long for specified location required.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" valign="top" width="606"> Flight — Autopilot</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Condition of autopilot in flight</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot discreet</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect flight without autopilot engaged; per channel for multichannel autopilots.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Autopilot engaged within 10 sec after take-off</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot engaged discreet, elapsed time, ground switch (similar), total Tq, Rad Alt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify inadvertent lift-off without autopilot engaged.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Autopilot engaged on ground (postflight or preflight)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot engaged discreet, elapsed time, ground switch (similar), total Tq, Rad Alt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify inappropriate use of autopilot when on ground. Elapsed time required to allow for permissible short periods.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Excessive pitch attitude with autopilot engaged on ground (offshore)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Pitch attitude, autopilot discreet, ground switch (similar), Lat &amp; Long</td><td valign="top" width="252">To identify potential for low NR when helicopter pitches on floating helideck.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Airspeed hold engaged — airspeed (departure or non-departure)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot modes discreet, IAS, (ground switch (similar), total Tq, Rad Alt)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Airspeed hold engaged — altitude (departure or non-departure)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot modes discreet, Rad Alt, (IAS, ground switch (similar), total Tq)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. IAS, ground switch (similar), total Tq to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Alt mode engaged — altitude (departure or non-departure)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot modes discreet, Rad Alt, (ground switch (similar), total Tq, IAS)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Alt mode engaged — airspeed (departure or non-departure)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot modes discreet, IAS, (ground switch (similar), total Tq, Rad Alt)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. IAS, ground switch (similar), total Tq to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Heading mode engaged — speed</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot modes discreet, IAS</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">V/S mode active — below specified speed</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot modes discreet, IAS</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">VS mode engaged — altitude (departure or non-departure)</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot modes discreet, IAS, (WOW, total Tq, Rad Alt)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect early engagement of autopilot higher modes. Ground switch (similar), total Tq and Rad Alt to determine if the flight profile is ‘departure’.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Flight director (FD) engaged — speed</td><td valign="top" width="185">FD discreet, IAS</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">FD-coupled approach or take off — airspeed </td><td valign="top" width="185">FD discreet, IAS, ground switch (similar)</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Go-around mode engaged — airspeed </td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot modes discreet, IAS, ground switch (similar), total Tq, Rad Alt</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect engagement of autopilot higher modes below minimum speed limitations.</td></tr><tr><td valign="top" width="169">Flight without autopilot channels engaged</td><td valign="top" width="185">Autopilot channels</td><td valign="top" width="252">To detect flight without autopilot engaged; per channel for multichannel autopilots.</td></tr></table>