AMC1 to Appendix 3 Training courses for the issue of a CPL and an ATPL

• ED Decision 2020/005/R found in: Aircrew (1178/2011) Part-FCL Part-MED Part-CC Part-ARA Part-ORA Part-DTO (Aug 2023)
• ED Decision 2025/002/R found in: Aircrew (1178/2011) Part-FCL Part-MED Part-CC Part-ARA Part-ORA Part-DTOPart-FCL Part-MED Part-CC Part-ARA Part-ORA Part-DTO (Nov 2025)

AMC1 to Appendix 3 Training courses for the issue of a CPL and an ATPL ED Decision 2020/005/R GENERAL (a) When ensuring that the applicant complies with the prerequisites for the course, in accordance with ORA.ATO.145, the ATO should check that the applicant has enough knowledge of mathematics, physics and English to facilitate the understanding of the theoretical knowledge instruction content of the course. (b) Whenever reference is made to a certain amount of hours of training, this means a full hour. Time not directly assigned to training (such as breaks, etc.) is not to be counted towards the total amount of time that is required. (c) The UPRT elements and components specified in AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5 point (a) should be integrated into the flying training phases or modules. (d) The flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of TEM. A. ATP integrated course: aeroplanes (a) The ATP integrated course should last between 12 and 36 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b) Credit for previous experience given to an applicant who already holds a PPL should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In the case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in a helicopter or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c) The 750 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 750 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 35 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 100 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 120 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 35 hours (5) Meteorology 60 hours (6) Navigation 90 hours (7) Operational procedures 25 hours (8) Principles of flight 55 hours (9) Communications 20 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. FLYING TRAINING (d) The flying instruction is divided into six phases: (1) Phase 1: Exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours dual flight instruction on an SE aeroplane including: (i) pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing; (ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and precautions; (iii) control of the aeroplane by external visual references; (iv) normal take-offs and landings; (v) the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi) simulated engine failure. (2) Phase 2: Exercises up to the first solo cross-country flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual flight instruction and at least 10 hours solo flight including: (i) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) takeoffs and short-field landings; (ii) flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a 180 ° turn; (iii) dual cross-country flying using external visual references, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (iv) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (v) crosswind take-offs and landings; (vi) abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane equipment malfunctions; (vii) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (viii) knowledge of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS. (3) Phase 3: Exercises up to the VFR navigation progress test comprise a total of at least 5 hours of dual instruction and at least 40 hours as PIC. The dual instruction and testing up to the VFR navigation progress test should comprise: (i) repetition of exercises of phases 1 and 2; (ii) VFR navigation progress test conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training; (iii) dual night flight instruction. (4) Phase 4: Exercises up to the instrument rating skill test comprise: (i) at least 55 hours instrument flight, which may contain up to 25 hours of instrument ground time in an FNPT I or up to 40 hours in an FNPT II or FFS which should be conducted by an FI or an authorised SFI; (ii) 20 hours instrument time flown as SPIC; (iii) pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (iv) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A) transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B) SIDs and arrivals; (C) en-route IFR procedures; (D) holding procedures; (E) instrument approaches to specified minima; (F) missed approach procedures; (G) landings from instrument approaches, including circling; (v) in-flight manoeuvres and specific flight characteristics and the basic UPRT exercises as specified in Sections A, B, C and D of Table 2 in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi) operation of an ME aeroplane in the exercises of (iv), including operation of the aeroplane solely by reference to instruments with one engine simulated inoperative, and engine shut-down and restart (the latter training should be conducted at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FSTD); (vii) after completion of instrument training that is equivalent to the basic instrument flight module set out in AMC2 to Appendix 6, take-offs and landings as PIC at night. (5) Phase 5: Advanced UPRT in accordance with point FCL.745.A; (6) Phase 6: (i) instruction and testing in MCC comprising the relevant training requirements; (ii) if a type rating for single-pilot aeroplanes in multi-pilot operations, or multi-pilot aeroplanes is not required on completion of this phase, the applicant should be issued with a certificate of course completion for MCC training. B. ATP modular theoretical knowledge course: aeroplanes (a) The aim of this course is to train pilots who have not received the theoretical knowledge instruction during an integrated course to the level of theoretical knowledge required for the ATPL. (b) An approved course may contain in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). (c) The ATP modular course should be completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. C. CPL/IR integrated course: aeroplanes (a) The CPL/IR integrated course should last between 9 and 30 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b) Credit for previous experience given to an applicant who already holds a PPL should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In the case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in a helicopter or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c) The 500 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 500 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 25 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 75 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 80 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 20 hours (5) Meteorology 40 hours (6) Navigation 55 hours (7) Operational procedures 15 hours (8) Principles of flight 35 hours (9) Communications 15 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. FLYING TRAINING (d) The flying instruction is divided into four phases: (1) Phase 1: Exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours dual flight instruction on an SE aeroplane, including: (i) pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing; (ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and precautions; (iii) control of the aeroplane by external visual references; (iv) normal take-offs and landings; (v) the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi) simulated engine failure. (2) Phase 2: Exercises up to the first solo cross-country flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual flight instruction and at least 10 hours solo flight including: (i) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) take-offs and short-field landings; (ii) flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a 180° turn; (iii) dual cross-country flying using external visual references, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (iv) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (v) crosswind take-offs and landings; (vi) abnormal and emergency operations and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane equipment malfunctions; (vii) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (viii) knowledge of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS. (3) Phase 3: Exercises up to the VFR navigation progress test comprise a total of at least 5 hours of instruction and at least 40 hours as PIC. The dual instruction and testing up to the VFR navigation progress test and the skill test should contain the following: (i) repetition of exercises of phases 1 and 2; (ii) VFR navigation progress test conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training; (iii) dual night flight instruction. (4) Phase 4: Exercises up to the instrument rating skill test comprise: (i) at least 55 hours instrument time, which may contain up to 25 hours of instrument ground time in an FNPT I or up to 40 hours in an FNPT II or FFS which should be conducted by an FI or SFI; (ii) 20 hours instrument time flown as SPIC; (iii) pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (iv) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A) transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B) SIDs and arrivals; (C) en-route IFR procedures; (D) holding procedures; (E) instrument approaches to specified minima; (F) missed approach procedures; (G) landings from instrument approaches, including circling. (v) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics and the basic UPRT exercises as specified in Sections A, B, C and D of Table 2 in paragraph (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi) operation of either an SE or an ME aeroplane in the exercises of (iv), including in the case of an ME aeroplane operation of the aeroplane solely by reference to instruments with one engine simulated inoperative and engine shut-down and restart. The latter exercise is to be conducted at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FSTD; (vii) after completion of instrument training that is equivalent to the basic instrument flight module set out in AMC2 to Appendix 6, take-offs and landings as PIC at night. D. CPL integrated course: aeroplanes (a) The CPL integrated course should last between 9 and 24 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b) Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In the case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in a helicopter or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c) The 350 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. FLYING TRAINING (d) The flying instruction is divided into four phases: (1) Phase 1: Exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours dual flight instruction on an SE aeroplane, including: (i) pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing; (ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and precautions; (iii) control of the aeroplane by external visual references; (iv) normal take-offs and landings; (v) the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi) simulated engine failure. (2) Phase 2: Exercises up to the first solo cross-country flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual flight instruction and at least 10 hours solo flight including: (i) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) take-offs and short-field landings; (ii) flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a 180° turn; (iii) dual cross-country flying using external visual references, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (iv) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (v) crosswind take-offs and landings; (vi) abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane equipment malfunctions; (vii) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (viii) knowledge of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS. (3) Phase 3: Exercises up to the VFR navigation progress test comprise a total of at least 30 hours instruction and at least 58 hours as PIC, including: (i) at least 10 hours instrument time, which may contain 5 hours of instrument ground time in an FNPT or an FFS and should be conducted by an FI or SFI; (ii) repetition of exercises of phases 1 and 2, which should include at least 5 hours in an aeroplane certificated for the carriage of at least four persons and have a variable pitch propeller and retractable landing gear; (iii) night flight time including, g, after completion of instrument training that is equivalent to the basic instrument flight module set out in AMC2 to Appendix 6, take-offs and landings as PIC. (4) Phase 4: The dual instruction and testing up to the CPL(A) skill test contain the following: (i) up to 30 hours instruction which may be allocated to specialised aerial work training; (ii) repetition of exercises in Phase 3, as required; (iii) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics including the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (iv) ME training. If required, operation of an ME aeroplane including operation of the aeroplane with one engine simulated inoperative, and engine shutdown and restart (the latter exercise at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FSTD). E. CPL modular course: aeroplanes (a) The CPL modular course should tbe completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. CREDITING Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited with an amount of hours to meet the requirement of 150 hours of flight time of Appendix 3, Part E, point (3)(a). The amount of credited hours should be decided by the ATO where the applicant takes the training course on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but in any case, should have been completed only in one aircraft category other than aeroplane. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (b) The 250 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodromes or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). FLYING TRAINING (c) The following flight time is suggested for the flying training: (1) visual flight training: suggested flight time (i) Exercise 1: pre-flight operations: mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing. (ii) Exercise 2: take-off, traffic pattern, 0:45 hours approach and landing, use of checklist, collision avoidance and checking procedures. (iii) Exercise 3: traffic patterns: simulated 0:45 hours engine failure during and after take-off. (iv) Exercise 4: maximum performance 1:00 hours (short field and obstacle clearance) take-offs and short-field landings. (v) Exercise 5: crosswind take-offs, 1:00 hours landings and go-arounds. (vi) Exercise 6: Arresting divergence of the aeroplane 0:45 hours from intended flight path, Preventing flight at airspeeds inappropriate for the (intended flight) conditions, High airspeed (including flight at relatively high airspeed), Steep turns Nose-low attitudes at various bank angles (including spiral dive). (vii) Exercise 7: Arresting divergence of the aeroplane 0:45 hours from intended flight path, Preventing flight at airspeeds inappropriate for the (intended flight) conditions, slow flight, nose-high attitudes at various bank angles, spin avoidance, stall events in the following configurations: — take-off configuration, — clean configuration, and — landing configuration. (viii) Exercise 8: cross-country flying 10:00 hours using DR and radio navigation aids; flight planning by the applicant; filing of ATC flight plan; evaluation of weather briefing documentation, NOTAM, etc.; R/T procedures and phraseology; positioning by radio navigation aids; operation to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures for VFR flights, simulated radio communication failure, weather deterioration, diversion procedures; simulated engine failure during cruise flight; selection of an emergency landing strip. (2) instrument flight training: (i) This module’s content is identical to that of the 10-hour basic instrument flight module as set out in [AMC2 to Appendix 6](#_DxCrossRefBm1199963674). This module is focused on the basics of flying by sole reference to instruments, including limited panel and basic UPRT exercises as specified in Sections A, B and C of Table 2 in point (b) of AMC2 Appendix 3; AMC1 Appendix 5. (ii) All exercises may be performed in an FNPT I or II or an FFS. If instrument flight training is in VMC, a suitable means of simulating IMC for the student should be used. (iii) A BITD may be used for the following exercises: (9), (10), (11) and (14). (iv) The use of the BITD is subject to the following: (A) the training is complemented by exercises in an aeroplane; (B) the record of the parameters of the flight is available; (C) an FI(A) or IRI(A) conducts the instruction. (v) Exercise 9: Basic instrument flying without 0:30 hours external visual cues; horizontal flight; power changes for acceleration or deceleration, maintaining straight and level flight; turns in level flight with 15° and 25° bank, left and right; roll-out onto predetermined headings. (vi) Exercise 10: Repetition of exercise 9; 0:45 hours additionally climbing and descending, maintaining heading and speed, transition to horizontal flight; climbing and descending turns. (vii) Exercise 11: Instrument pattern: 0:45 hours (1) start exercise, decelerate to approach speed, flaps into approach configuration; (2) initiate standard turn (left or right); (3) roll out on opposite heading, maintain new heading for 1 minute; (4) standard turn, gear down, descend 500 ft/min; (5) roll out on initial heading, maintain descent (500 ft/min) and new heading for 1 minute; (6) transition to horizontal flight, 1.000 ft below initial flight level; (7) initiate go-around; (8) climb at best rate of climb speed. (viii) Exercise 12: Repetition of exercise 9 and steep 0:45 hours turns with 45° bank; recovery from unusual attitudes. (ix) Exercise 13: Repetition of exercise 12 0:45 hours (x) Exercise 14: Radio navigation using VOR, 0:45 hours NDB or, if available, VDF; interception of predetermined QDM and QDR. (xi) Exercise 15: Repetition of exercise 9 and 0:45 hours recovery from nose-high attitudes at various bank angles, recovery from nose-low attitudes at various bank angles (xii) Exercise 16: Repetition of exercise 9, turns and 0:45 hours level change and recovery from nose-high attitudes at various bank angles, recovery from nose-low attitudes at various bank angles with simulated failure of the artificial horizon or directional gyro. (xiii) Exercise 17: Basic UPRT exercises as specified 0:45 hours in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5, excluding those manoeuvres which have already been completed during exercises 15 and 16 (xiv) Exercise 18: Repetition of exercises (14), (16) and (17). 3:00 hours (3) ME training If required, operation of an ME aeroplane in the exercises 1 through 17, including operation of the aeroplane with one engine simulated inoperative, and engine shutdown and restart. Before commencing training, the applicant should have complied with the type and class ratings requirements as appropriate to the aeroplane used for the test. (4) Applicants who need to complete night training in accordance with point 10(b) of Section E of Appendix 3 to Part-FCL should perform take-offs and landings as PIC at night only after having completed the instrument flight training specified in point (2)(i) of ‘FLYING TRAINING’ of Section E of this AMC. F. ATP/IR integrated course: helicopters (a) The ATP/IR integrated course should last between 12 and 36 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b) Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c) The 750 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress test, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 750 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 35 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 100 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 120 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 35 hours (5) Meteorology 60 hours (6) Navigation 90 hours (7) Operational procedures 25 hours (8) Principles of flight 55 hours (9) Communications 20 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. (d) The flight instruction is divided into four phases: (1) phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter, including: (1) pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (2) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (3) control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (4) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (5) emergency procedures, basic auto-rotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2) phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress check, and basic instrument flying progress check. This phase comprises a total flight time of not less than 128 hours including 73 hours of dual flight instruction flight time and including at least 5 hours VFR conversion training on an ME helicopter, 15 hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as student PIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i) sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii) incipient vortex ring recovery; (iii) advanced/touchdown auto-rotations, simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv) steep turns; (v) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi) limited power and confined area operations, including low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii) flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a 180 ° turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii) cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (ix) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes; compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi) application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii) night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii) general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with [Appendix 4](#_DxCrossRefBm1199963432) to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. (3) phase 3: Flight exercises up to IR skill test. This part comprises a total of 40 hours dual instrument flight time, including 10 hours of an ME IFR certificated helicopter. The instruction and testing should contain the following: (i) pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (ii) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A) transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B) SIDs and arrivals; (C) en-route IFR procedures; (D) holding procedures; (E) instrument approaches to specified minima; (F) missed approach procedure; (G) landings from instrument approaches; (H) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics; (I) instrument exercises with one engine simulated inoperative. (4) phase 4: Instruction in MCC should comprise the relevant training set out in [FCL.735.H](#_DxCrossRefBm1199963242) and [AMC1 FCL.735.A, FCL.735.H and FCL.735.As](#_DxCrossRefBm1199963453). If a type rating for MP helicopter is not required on completion of this part, the applicant should be provided with a certificate of course completion for MCC training. G. ATP integrated course: helicopters (a) The ATP integrated course should last between 12 and 36 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b) Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c) The 650 hours of instruction, which also cover the area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 650 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 30 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 90 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 90 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 30 hours (5) Meteorology 50 hours (6) Navigation 70 hours (7) Operational procedures 20 hours (8) Principles of flight 45 hours (9) Communications 15 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. (d) The flight instruction is divided into three phases: (1) phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter, including: (i) pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (iii) control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (iv) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (v) emergency procedures, basic auto-rotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2) phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress and basic instrument flying progress check conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. This phase comprises a total flight time of not less than 128hours, including 73 hours of dual instruction flight time and including at least 5 hours VFR conversion training on an ME helicopter, 15 hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as student PIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i) sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii) incipient vortex ring recovery; (iii) touchdown or advanced auto-rotations, simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv) steep turns; (v) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi) limited power and confined area operations, including low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii) 10 hours flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a 180 ° turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii) cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (ix) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi) application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii) night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii) general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with [Appendix 4](#_DxCrossRefBm1199963432) to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. (3) phase 3: Instruction in MCC comprises the relevant training set out in [FCL.735.H](#_DxCrossRefBm1199963242) and [AMC1 FCL.735.A, FCL.735.H and FCL.735.As](#_DxCrossRefBm1199963453). If a type rating for MP helicopter is not required on completion of this part, the applicant should be provided with a certificate of course completion for MCC training. H. ATP modular theoretical knowledge course: helicopters (a) The aim of this course is to train pilots who have not received the theoretical knowledge instruction during an integrated course to the level of theoretical knowledge required for the ATPL. (b) An approved course, which also covers the area 100 KSA, may contain in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). (c) The ATP modular course should be completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. I. CPL/IR integrated course: helicopters (a) The CPL/IR integrated course should last between 9 and 30 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b) Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c) The 500 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 500 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 25 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 75 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 80 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 20 hours (5) Meteorology 40 hours (6) Navigation 55 hours (7) Operational procedures 15 hours (8) Principles of flight 35 hours (9) Communications 15 hours Other subdivision of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. FLYING TRAINING (d) The flight instruction is divided into three phases: (1) phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight. This part comprises a total of at least 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter including: (i) pre-flight operations: mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (iii) control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (iv) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (v) emergency procedures, basic auto-rotation, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2) phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress check conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training, and basic instrument progress check. This part comprises a total flight time of not less than 128 hours, including 73 hours of dual instruction flight time and including at least 5 hours VFR conversion training on an ME helicopter, 15 hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as SPIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i) sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii) incipient vortex ring recovery; (iii) touchdown or advanced auto-rotation and simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv) steep turns; (v) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi) limited power and confined area operations, including selection of and low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii) flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of 180 degree turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii) cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids and diversion procedures; (ix) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi) application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii) night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii) general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with [Appendix 4](#_DxCrossRefBm1199963432) to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. (3) phase 3: Flight exercises up to IR skill test. This part comprises a total of 40 hours dual instrument flight time, including 10 hours of an ME IFR certificated helicopter. The instruction and testing should contain the following: (i) pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (ii) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A) transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B) SIDs and arrivals; (C) en-route IFR procedures; (D) holding procedures; (E) instrument approaches to specified minima; (F) missed approach procedure; (G) landings from instrument approaches; (H) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics; (I) instrument exercises with one engine simulated inoperative. J. CPL integrated course: helicopters (a) The CPL integrated course should last between 9 and 24 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b) Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c) The 350 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 350 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 15 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 40 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 35 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 10 hours (5) Meteorology 30 hours (6) Navigation 35 hours (7) Operational procedures 10 hours (8) Principles of flight 30 hours (9) Communications 10 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. FLYING TRAINING (d) The flight instruction is divided into two phases: (1) phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight. This part comprises a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter, including: (1) pre-flight operations: mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (2) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (3) control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (4) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (5) emergency procedures, basic auto-rotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2) phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress check conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training, and basic instrument progress check. This part comprises a total flight time of not less than 123 hours, including 73 hours of dual instruction flight time, 15 hours of solo flight and 35 hours flown as SPIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i) sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii) incipient vortex ring recovery; (iii) touchdown or advanced auto-rotations and simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv) steep turns; (v) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi) limited power and confined area operations, including selection of and low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii) flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a 180° turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii) cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (ix) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi) application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii) night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii) general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with Appendix 4 to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. K. CPL modular course: helicopters (a) The CPL modular course should be completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. CREDITING Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited with an amount of hours to meet the requirement of 150 hours of flight time of Appendix 3, Part K, point (3)(a). The amount of credited hours should be decided by the ATO where the applicant takes the training course on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but in any case, should have been completed only in one aircraft category other than helicopter, and not be a combination of hours in more than two different aircraft categories. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (b) The 250 hours of instruction, which also covers the Area 100 KSA may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). FLYING TRAINING (c) The flying instruction comprises the following items. The flight time allocated to each exercise is at the discretion of the FI, provided that at least 5 hours flight time is allocated to cross-country flying. VISUAL INSTRUCTION (d) Within the total of dual flight instruction time, the applicant may have completed during the visual phase up to 5 hours in a helicopter FFS or FTD 2, 3 or FNPT II, III. (1) pre-flight operations: mass and balance calculations, helicopter inspection and servicing; (2) level flight speed changes, climbing, descending, turns, basic autorotations, use of checklist, collision avoidance and checking procedures; (3) take-offs and landings, traffic pattern, approach, simulated engine failures in the traffic pattern. Sideways and backwards flight and spot turns in the hover; (4) recovery from incipient vortex ring condition; (5) advanced auto-rotations covering the speed range from low speed to maximum range and manoeuvre in auto-rotations (180°, 360° and '̀S' turns) and simulated engine-off landings; (6) selection of emergency landing areas, auto-rotations following simulated emergencies to given areas and steep turns at 30° and 45° bank; (7) manoeuvres at low level and quick-stops; (8) landings, take-offs and transitions to and from the hover when heading out of wind; (9) landings and take-offs from sloping or uneven ground; (10) landings and take-offs with limited power; (11) low level operations into and out of confined landing sites; (12) cross-country flying using dead reckoning and radio navigation aids, flight planning by the applicant, filing of ATC flight plan, evaluation of weather briefing documentation, NOTAM, etc., R/T procedures and phraseology, positioning by radio navigation aids; operation to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures for VFR flights, simulated radio communication failure, weather deterioration, diversion procedures; location of an off airfield landing site and simulated approach. BASIC INSTRUMENT INSTRUCTION (e) A maximum of 5 hours of the following exercises may be performed in an FFS or FTD or FNPT. Flight training should be carried out in VMC using a suitable means of simulating IMC for the student. (1) Exercise 1: Instrument flying without external visual cues. Level flight performing speed changes, maintaining flight altitude (level, heading) turns in level flight at rate 1 and 30° bank, left and right; roll-out on predetermined headings; (2) Exercise 2: repetition of exercise 1; additionally climbing and descending, maintaining heading and speed, transition to horizontal flight; climbing and descending turns; (3) Exercise 3: repetition of exercise 1; and recovery from unusual attitudes; (4) Exercise 4: radio navigation; (5) Exercise 5: repetition of exercise 1; and turns using standby magnetic compass and standby artificial horizon (if fitted). AMC1 to Appendix 3 Training courses for the issue of a CPL and an ATPL ED Decision 2020/005/R GENERAL (a)     When ensuring that the applicant complies with the prerequisites for the course, in accordance with ORA.ATO.145, the ATO should check that the applicant has enough knowledge of mathematics, physics and English to facilitate the understanding of the theoretical knowledge instruction content of the course. (b)     Whenever reference is made to a certain amount of hours of training, this means a full hour. Time not directly assigned to training (such as breaks, etc.) is not to be counted towards the total amount of time that is required. (c)      The UPRT elements and components specified in AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5 point (a) should be integrated into the flying training phases or modules. (d)     The flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of TEM. A.          ATP integrated course: aeroplanes (a)     The ATP integrated course should last between 12 and 36 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b)     Credit for previous experience given to an applicant who already holds a PPL should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In the case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in a helicopter or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c)      The 750 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 750 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1)      Air law                                                         35 hours (2)      Aircraft general knowledge                          100 hours (3)      Flight performance and planning                  120 hours (4)      Human performance and limitations             35 hours (5)      Meteorology                                               60 hours (6)      Navigation                                                   90 hours (7)      Operational procedures                             25 hours (8)      Principles of flight                                       55 hours (9)      Communications                                         20 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. FLYING TRAINING (d)     The flying instruction is divided into six phases: (1)     Phase 1: Exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours dual flight instruction on an SE aeroplane including: (i)      pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing; (ii)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and precautions; (iii)     control of the aeroplane by external visual references; (iv)     normal take-offs and landings; (v)      the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi)     simulated engine failure. (2)     Phase 2: Exercises up to the first solo cross-country flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual flight instruction and at least 10 hours solo flight including: (i)      maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) takeoffs and short-field landings; (ii)     flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a 180 ° turn; (iii)     dual cross-country flying using external visual references, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (iv)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (v)      crosswind take-offs and landings; (vi)     abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane equipment malfunctions; (vii)    operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (viii)   knowledge of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS. (3)     Phase 3: Exercises up to the VFR navigation progress test comprise a total of at least 5 hours of dual instruction and at least 40 hours as PIC. The dual instruction and testing up to the VFR navigation progress test should comprise: (i)      repetition of exercises of phases 1 and 2; (ii)     VFR navigation progress test conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training; (iii)     dual night flight instruction. (4)     Phase 4: Exercises up to the instrument rating skill test comprise: (i)      at least 55 hours instrument flight, which may contain up to 25 hours of instrument ground time in an FNPT I or up to 40 hours in an FNPT II or FFS which should be conducted by an FI or an authorised SFI; (ii)     20 hours instrument time flown as SPIC; (iii)     pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (iv)     procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A)     transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B)     SIDs and arrivals; (C)     en-route IFR procedures; (D)     holding procedures; (E)     instrument approaches to specified minima; (F)     missed approach procedures; (G)     landings from instrument approaches, including circling; (v)      in-flight manoeuvres and specific flight characteristics and the basic UPRT exercises as specified in Sections A, B, C and D of Table 2 in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi)     operation of an ME aeroplane in the exercises of (iv), including operation of the aeroplane solely by reference to instruments with one engine simulated inoperative, and engine shut-down and restart (the latter training should be conducted at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FSTD); (vii)    after completion of instrument training that is equivalent to the basic instrument flight module set out in AMC2 to Appendix 6, take-offs and landings as PIC at night. (5)     Phase 5: Advanced UPRT in accordance with point FCL.745.A; (6)     Phase 6: (i)      instruction and testing in MCC comprising the relevant training requirements; (ii)     if a type rating for single-pilot aeroplanes in multi-pilot operations, or multi-pilot aeroplanes is not required on completion of this phase, the applicant should be issued with a certificate of course completion for MCC training. B.          ATP modular theoretical knowledge course: aeroplanes (a)     The aim of this course is to train pilots who have not received the theoretical knowledge instruction during an integrated course to the level of theoretical knowledge required for the ATPL. (b)     An approved course may contain in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). (c)      The ATP modular course should be completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. C.          CPL/IR integrated course: aeroplanes (a)     The CPL/IR integrated course should last between 9 and 30 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b)     Credit for previous experience given to an applicant who already holds a PPL should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In the case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in a helicopter or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c)      The 500 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 500 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1)      Air law                                                         25 hours (2)      Aircraft general knowledge                          75 hours (3)      Flight performance and planning                  80 hours (4)      Human performance and limitations             20 hours (5)      Meteorology                                               40 hours (6)      Navigation                                                   55 hours (7)      Operational procedures                             15 hours (8)      Principles of flight                                       35 hours (9)      Communications                                         15 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. FLYING TRAINING (d)     The flying instruction is divided into four phases: (1)     Phase 1: Exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours dual flight instruction on an SE aeroplane, including: (i)      pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing; (ii)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and precautions; (iii)     control of the aeroplane by external visual references; (iv)     normal take-offs and landings; (v)      the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi)     simulated engine failure. (2)     Phase 2: Exercises up to the first solo cross-country flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual flight instruction and at least 10 hours solo flight including: (i)      maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) take-offs and short-field landings; (ii)     flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a 180° turn; (iii)     dual cross-country flying using external visual references, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (iv)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (v)      crosswind take-offs and landings; (vi)     abnormal and emergency operations and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane equipment malfunctions; (vii)    operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (viii)   knowledge of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS. (3)     Phase 3: Exercises up to the VFR navigation progress test comprise a total of at least 5 hours of instruction and at least 40 hours as PIC. The dual instruction and testing up to the VFR navigation progress test and the skill test should contain the following: (i)      repetition of exercises of phases 1 and 2; (ii)     VFR navigation progress test conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training; (iii)     dual night flight instruction. (4)     Phase 4: Exercises up to the instrument rating skill test comprise: (i)      at least 55 hours instrument time, which may contain up to 25 hours of instrument ground time in an FNPT I or up to 40 hours in an FNPT II or FFS which should be conducted by an FI or SFI; (ii)     20 hours instrument time flown as SPIC; (iii)     pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (iv)     procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A)     transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B)     SIDs and arrivals; (C)     en-route IFR procedures; (D)     holding procedures; (E)     instrument approaches to specified minima; (F)     missed approach procedures; (G)     landings from instrument approaches, including circling. (v)      in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics and the basic UPRT exercises as specified in Sections A, B, C and D of Table 2 in paragraph (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi)     operation of either an SE or an ME aeroplane in the exercises of (iv), including in the case of an ME aeroplane operation of the aeroplane solely by reference to instruments with one engine simulated inoperative and engine shut-down and restart. The latter exercise is to be conducted at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FSTD; (vii)    after completion of instrument training that is equivalent to the basic instrument flight module set out in AMC2 to Appendix 6, take-offs and landings as PIC at night. D.          CPL integrated course: aeroplanes (a)     The CPL integrated course should last between 9 and 24 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b)     Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In the case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in a helicopter or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c)      The 350 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. FLYING TRAINING (d)     The flying instruction is divided into four phases: (1)     Phase 1: Exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours dual flight instruction on an SE aeroplane, including: (i)      pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing; (ii)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and precautions; (iii)     control of the aeroplane by external visual references; (iv)     normal take-offs and landings; (v)      the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi)     simulated engine failure. (2)     Phase 2: Exercises up to the first solo cross-country flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual flight instruction and at least 10 hours solo flight including: (i)      maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) take-offs and short-field landings; (ii)     flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a 180° turn; (iii)     dual cross-country flying using external visual references, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (iv)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (v)      crosswind take-offs and landings; (vi)     abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane equipment malfunctions; (vii)    operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (viii)   knowledge of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS. (3)     Phase 3: Exercises up to the VFR navigation progress test comprise a total of at least 30 hours instruction and at least 58 hours as PIC, including: (i)      at least 10 hours instrument time, which may contain 5 hours of instrument ground time in an FNPT or an FFS and should be conducted by an FI or SFI; (ii)     repetition of exercises of phases 1 and 2, which should include at least 5 hours in an aeroplane certificated for the carriage of at least four persons and have a variable pitch propeller and retractable landing gear; (iii)     night flight time including, g, after completion of instrument training that is equivalent to the basic instrument flight module set out in AMC2 to Appendix 6, take-offs and landings as PIC. (4)     Phase 4: The dual instruction and testing up to the CPL(A) skill test contain the following: (i)      up to 30 hours instruction which may be allocated to specialised aerial work training; (ii)     repetition of exercises in Phase 3, as required; (iii)     in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics including the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (iv)     ME training. If required, operation of an ME aeroplane including operation of the aeroplane with one engine simulated inoperative, and engine shutdown and restart (the latter exercise at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FSTD). E.          CPL modular course: aeroplanes (a)     The CPL modular course should tbe completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. CREDITING Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited with an amount of hours to meet the requirement of 150 hours of flight time of Appendix 3, Part E, point (3)(a). The amount of credited hours should be decided by the ATO where the applicant takes the training course on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but in any case, should have been completed only in one aircraft category other than aeroplane. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (b)     The 250 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodromes or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). FLYING TRAINING (c)      The following flight time is suggested for the flying training: (1)     visual flight training:                                              suggested flight time (i)      Exercise 1: pre-flight operations: mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing. (ii)     Exercise 2: take-off, traffic pattern,                                        0:45 hours approach and landing, use of checklist, collision avoidance and checking procedures. (iii)     Exercise 3: traffic patterns: simulated                                     0:45 hours engine failure during and after take-off. (iv)              Exercise 4: maximum performance                                         1:00 hours (short field and obstacle clearance) take-offs and short-field landings. (v)      Exercise 5: crosswind take-offs,                                              1:00 hours landings and go-arounds. (vi)     Exercise 6:          Arresting divergence of the aeroplane                   0:45 hours from intended flight path, Preventing flight at airspeeds inappropriate for the (intended flight) conditions, High airspeed (including flight at relatively high airspeed), Steep turns Nose-low attitudes at various bank angles (including spiral dive). (vii)             Exercise 7: Arresting divergence of the aeroplane                   0:45 hours from intended flight path, Preventing flight at airspeeds inappropriate for the (intended flight) conditions, slow flight, nose-high attitudes at various bank angles, spin avoidance, stall events in the following configurations: — take-off configuration, — clean configuration, and — landing configuration. (viii)   Exercise 8: cross-country flying                                               10:00 hours using DR and radio navigation aids; flight planning by the applicant; filing of ATC flight plan; evaluation of weather briefing documentation, NOTAM, etc.; R/T procedures and phraseology; positioning by radio navigation aids; operation to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures for VFR flights, simulated radio communication failure, weather deterioration, diversion procedures; simulated engine failure during cruise flight; selection of an emergency landing strip. (2)     instrument flight training: (i)      This module’s content is identical to that of the 10-hour basic instrument flight module as set out in [AMC2 to Appendix 6](#_DxCrossRefBm894735818). This module is focused on the basics of flying by sole reference to instruments, including limited panel and basic UPRT exercises as specified in Sections A, B and C of Table 2 in point (b) of AMC2 Appendix 3; AMC1 Appendix 5. (ii)     All exercises may be performed in an FNPT I or II or an FFS. If instrument flight training is in VMC, a suitable means of simulating IMC for the student should be used. (iii)     A BITD may be used for the following exercises: (9), (10), (11) and (14). (iv)     The use of the BITD is subject to the following: (A)     the training is complemented by exercises in an aeroplane; (B)     the record of the parameters of the flight is available; (C)     an FI(A) or IRI(A) conducts the instruction. (v)      Exercise 9: Basic instrument flying without                             0:30 hours external visual cues; horizontal flight; power changes for acceleration or deceleration, maintaining straight and level flight; turns in level flight with 15° and 25° bank, left and right; roll-out onto predetermined headings. (vi)     Exercise 10: Repetition of exercise 9;                                       0:45 hours additionally climbing and descending, maintaining heading and speed, transition to horizontal flight; climbing and descending turns. (vii)    Exercise 11: Instrument pattern:                                              0:45 hours (1)     start exercise, decelerate to approach speed, flaps into approach configuration; (2)     initiate standard turn (left or right); (3)     roll out on opposite heading, maintain new heading for 1 minute; (4)     standard turn, gear down, descend 500 ft/min; (5)     roll out on initial heading, maintain descent (500 ft/min) and new heading for 1 minute; (6)     transition to horizontal flight, 1.000 ft below initial flight level; (7)     initiate go-around; (8)     climb at best rate of climb speed. (viii)            Exercise 12: Repetition of exercise 9 and steep                         0:45 hours turns with 45° bank; recovery from unusual attitudes. (ix)     Exercise 13: Repetition of exercise 12                                       0:45 hours (x)      Exercise 14: Radio navigation using VOR,                                  0:45 hours NDB or, if available, VDF; interception of predetermined QDM and QDR. (xi)     Exercise 15: Repetition of exercise 9 and                                 0:45 hours recovery from nose-high attitudes at various bank angles, recovery from nose-low attitudes at various bank angles (xii)    Exercise 16: Repetition of exercise 9, turns and                                  0:45 hours level change and recovery from nose-high attitudes at various bank angles, recovery from nose-low attitudes at various bank angles with simulated failure of the artificial horizon or directional gyro. (xiii)   Exercise 17: Basic UPRT exercises as specified                           0:45 hours in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5, excluding those manoeuvres which have already been completed during exercises 15 and 16 (xiv)   Exercise 18: Repetition of exercises (14), (16) and (17).             3:00 hours (3)     ME training If required, operation of an ME aeroplane in the exercises 1 through 17, including operation of the aeroplane with one engine simulated inoperative, and engine shutdown and restart. Before commencing training, the applicant should have complied with the type and class ratings requirements as appropriate to the aeroplane used for the test. (4)      Applicants who need to complete night training in accordance with point 10(b) of Section E of Appendix 3 to Part-FCL should perform take-offs and landings as PIC at night only after having completed the instrument flight training specified in point (2)(i) of ‘FLYING TRAINING’ of Section E of this AMC. F.           ATP/IR integrated course: helicopters (a)     The ATP/IR integrated course should last between 12 and 36 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b)     Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c)      The 750 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress test, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 750 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1)      Air law                                                        35 hours (2)      Aircraft general knowledge                          100 hours (3)      Flight performance and planning                  120 hours (4)      Human performance and limitations            35 hours (5)      Meteorology                                               60 hours (6)      Navigation                                                   90 hours (7)      Operational procedures                               25 hours (8)     Principles of flight                                       55 hours (9)      Communications                                         20 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. (d)     The flight instruction is divided into four phases: (1)     phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter, including: (1)     pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (2)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (3)     control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (4)     take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (5)     emergency procedures, basic auto-rotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2)     phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress check, and basic instrument flying progress check. This phase comprises a total flight time of not less than 128 hours including 73 hours of dual flight instruction flight time and including at least 5 hours VFR conversion training on an ME helicopter, 15 hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as student PIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i)      sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii)     incipient vortex ring recovery; (iii)     advanced/touchdown auto-rotations, simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv)     steep turns; (v)      transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi)     limited power and confined area operations, including low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii)    flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a 180 ° turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii)   cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (ix)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x)      operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes; compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi)     application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii)    night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii)   general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with [Appendix 4](#_DxCrossRefBm894735576) to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. (3)     phase 3: Flight exercises up to IR skill test. This part comprises a total of 40 hours dual instrument flight time, including 10 hours of an ME IFR certificated helicopter. The instruction and testing should contain the following: (i)      pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (ii)     procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A)     transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B)     SIDs and arrivals; (C)     en-route IFR procedures; (D)     holding procedures; (E)     instrument approaches to specified minima; (F)     missed approach procedure; (G)     landings from instrument approaches; (H)     in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics; (I)      instrument exercises with one engine simulated inoperative. (4)     phase 4: Instruction in MCC should comprise the relevant training set out in [FCL.735.H](#_DxCrossRefBm894735373) and [AMC1 FCL.735.A, FCL.735.H and FCL.735.As](#_DxCrossRefBm894735597). If a type rating for MP helicopter is not required on completion of this part, the applicant should be provided with a certificate of course completion for MCC training. G.          ATP integrated course: helicopters (a)     The ATP integrated course should last between 12 and 36 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b)     Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c)      The 650 hours of instruction, which also cover the area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 650 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1)     Air law                                                         30 hours (2)      Aircraft general knowledge                          90 hours (3)      Flight performance and planning                 90 hours (4)      Human performance and limitations            30 hours (5)      Meteorology                                               50 hours (6)      Navigation                                                   70 hours (7)      Operational procedures                             20 hours (8)      Principles of flight                                       45 hours (9)      Communications                                         15 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. (d)     The flight instruction is divided into three phases: (1)     phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter, including: (i)      pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (ii)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (iii)     control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (iv)     take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (v)      emergency procedures, basic auto-rotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2)     phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress and basic instrument flying progress check conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. This phase comprises a total flight time of not less than 128hours, including 73 hours of dual instruction flight time and including at least 5 hours VFR conversion training on an ME helicopter, 15 hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as student PIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i)      sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii)     incipient vortex ring recovery; (iii)     touchdown or advanced auto-rotations, simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv)     steep turns; (v)      transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi)     limited power and confined area operations, including low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii)    10 hours flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a 180 ° turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii)   cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (ix)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x)      operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi)     application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii)    night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii)   general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with [Appendix 4](#_DxCrossRefBm894735576) to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. (3)     phase 3: Instruction in MCC comprises the relevant training set out in [FCL.735.H](#_DxCrossRefBm894735373) and [AMC1 FCL.735.A, FCL.735.H and FCL.735.As](#_DxCrossRefBm894735597). If a type rating for MP helicopter is not required on completion of this part, the applicant should be provided with a certificate of course completion for MCC training. H.          ATP modular theoretical knowledge course: helicopters (a)     The aim of this course is to train pilots who have not received the theoretical knowledge instruction during an integrated course to the level of theoretical knowledge required for the ATPL. (b)     An approved course, which also covers the area 100 KSA, may contain in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). (c)      The ATP modular course should be completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. I.            CPL/IR integrated course: helicopters (a)     The CPL/IR integrated course should last between 9 and 30 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b)     Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c)      The 500 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 500 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1)     Air law                                                         25 hours (2)     Aircraft general knowledge                          75 hours (3)     Flight performance and planning                  80 hours (4)     Human performance and limitations            20 hours (5)     Meteorology                                               40 hours (6)     Navigation                                                   55 hours (7)     Operational procedures                             15 hours (8)     Principles of flight                                       35 hours (9)     Communications                                         15 hours Other subdivision of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. FLYING TRAINING (d)     The flight instruction is divided into three phases: (1)     phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight. This part comprises a total of at least 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter including: (i)      pre-flight operations: mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (ii)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (iii)     control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (iv)     take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (v)      emergency procedures, basic auto-rotation, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2)     phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress check conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training, and basic instrument progress check. This part comprises a total flight time of not less than 128 hours, including 73 hours of dual instruction flight time and including at least 5 hours VFR conversion training on an ME helicopter, 15 hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as SPIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i)      sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii)     incipient vortex ring recovery; (iii)     touchdown or advanced auto-rotation and simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv)     steep turns; (v)      transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi)     limited power and confined area operations, including selection of and low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii)    flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of 180 degree turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii)   cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids and diversion procedures; (ix)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x)      operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi)     application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii)    night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii)   general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with [Appendix 4](#_DxCrossRefBm894735576) to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. (3)     phase 3: Flight exercises up to IR skill test. This part comprises a total of 40 hours dual instrument flight time, including 10 hours of an ME IFR certificated helicopter. The instruction and testing should contain the following: (i)      pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (ii)     procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A)     transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B)     SIDs and arrivals; (C)     en-route IFR procedures; (D)     holding procedures; (E)     instrument approaches to specified minima; (F)     missed approach procedure; (G)     landings from instrument approaches; (H)     in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics; (I)      instrument exercises with one engine simulated inoperative. J.           CPL integrated course: helicopters (a)     The CPL integrated course should last between 9 and 24 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. CREDITING (b)     Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (c)      The 350 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 350 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1)      Air law                                                         15 hours (2)      Aircraft general knowledge                          40 hours (3)      Flight performance and planning                  35 hours (4)      Human performance and limitations             10 hours (5)      Meteorology                                              30 hours (6)      Navigation                                                   35 hours (7)      Operational procedures                             10 hours (8)      Principles of flight                                       30 hours (9)      Communications                                         10 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. FLYING TRAINING (d)     The flight instruction is divided into two phases: (1)     phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight. This part comprises a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter, including: (1)     pre-flight operations: mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (2)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (3)     control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (4)     take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (5)     emergency procedures, basic auto-rotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2)     phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress check conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training, and basic instrument progress check. This part comprises a total flight time of not less than 123 hours, including 73 hours of dual instruction flight time, 15 hours of solo flight and 35 hours flown as SPIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i)      sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii)     incipient vortex ring recovery; (iii)     touchdown or advanced auto-rotations and simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv)     steep turns; (v)      transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi)     limited power and confined area operations, including selection of and low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii)    flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a 180° turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii)   cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (ix)     aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x)      operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi)     application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii)    night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii)   general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with Appendix 4 to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. K.          CPL modular course: helicopters (a)     The CPL modular course should be completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. CREDITING Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited with an amount of hours to meet the requirement of 150 hours of flight time of Appendix 3, Part K, point (3)(a). The amount of credited hours should be decided by the ATO where the applicant takes the training course on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but in any case, should have been completed only in one aircraft category other than helicopter, and not be a combination of hours in more than two different aircraft categories. THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE (b)     The 250 hours of instruction, which also covers the Area 100 KSA may include in suitable proportions: (1)     classroom work; (2)     lessons; (3)     tutorials; (4)     demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5)     exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6)     exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7)     directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8)     aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9)     computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10)    progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11)    other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). FLYING TRAINING (c)      The flying instruction comprises the following items. The flight time allocated to each exercise is at the discretion of the FI, provided that at least 5 hours flight time is allocated to cross-country flying. VISUAL INSTRUCTION (d)     Within the total of dual flight instruction time, the applicant may have completed during the visual phase up to 5 hours in a helicopter FFS or FTD 2, 3 or FNPT II, III. (1)     pre-flight operations: mass and balance calculations, helicopter inspection and servicing; (2)     level flight speed changes, climbing, descending, turns, basic autorotations, use of checklist, collision avoidance and checking procedures; (3)     take-offs and landings, traffic pattern, approach, simulated engine failures in the traffic pattern. Sideways and backwards flight and spot turns in the hover; (4)     recovery from incipient vortex ring condition; (5)     advanced auto-rotations covering the speed range from low speed to maximum range and manoeuvre in auto-rotations (180°, 360° and '̀S' turns) and simulated engine-off landings; (6)     selection of emergency landing areas, auto-rotations following simulated emergencies to given areas and steep turns at 30° and 45° bank; (7)     manoeuvres at low level and quick-stops; (8)     landings, take-offs and transitions to and from the hover when heading out of wind; (9)     landings and take-offs from sloping or uneven ground; (10)    landings and take-offs with limited power; (11)    low level operations into and out of confined landing sites; (12)    cross-country flying using dead reckoning and radio navigation aids, flight planning by the applicant, filing of ATC flight plan, evaluation of weather briefing documentation, NOTAM, etc., R/T procedures and phraseology, positioning by radio navigation aids; operation to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures for VFR flights, simulated radio communication failure, weather deterioration, diversion procedures; location of an off airfield landing site and simulated approach. BASIC INSTRUMENT INSTRUCTION (e)     A maximum of 5 hours of the following exercises may be performed in an FFS or FTD or FNPT. Flight training should be carried out in VMC using a suitable means of simulating IMC for the student. (1)     Exercise 1: Instrument flying without external visual cues. Level flight performing speed changes, maintaining flight altitude (level, heading) turns in level flight at rate 1 and 30° bank, left and right; roll-out on predetermined headings; (2)     Exercise 2: repetition of exercise 1; additionally climbing and descending, maintaining heading and speed, transition to horizontal flight; climbing and descending turns; (3)     Exercise 3:          repetition of exercise 1; and recovery from unusual attitudes; (4)     Exercise 4: radio navigation; (5)     Exercise 5: repetition of exercise 1; and turns using standby magnetic compass and standby artificial horizon (if fitted). ##### AMC1 to Appendix 3 Training courses for the issue of a CPL and an ATPL *ED Decision 2025/002/R* **GENERAL** (a) When ensuring that the applicant complies with the prerequisites for the course, in accordance with ORA.ATO.145, the ATO should check that the applicant has enough knowledge of mathematics, physics and English to facilitate the understanding of the theoretical knowledge instruction content of the course. (b) Whenever reference is made to a certain amount of hours of training, this means a full hour. Time not directly assigned to training (such as breaks, etc.) is not to be counted towards the total amount of time that is required. (c) The UPRT elements and components specified in AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5 point (a) should be integrated into the flying training phases or modules. (d) The flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of TEM. **A. ATP integrated course: aeroplanes** (a) The ATP integrated course should last between 12 and 36 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. **CREDITING** (b) Credit for previous experience given to an applicant who already holds a PPL should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In the case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in a helicopter or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. **THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE** (c) The 750 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 750 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 35 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 100 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 120 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 35 hours (5) Meteorology 60 hours (6) Navigation 90 hours (7) Operational procedures 25 hours (8) Principles of flight 55 hours (9) Communications 20 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. **FLYING TRAINING** (d) The flying instruction is divided into six phases: (1) Phase 1: Exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours dual flight instruction on an SE aeroplane including: (i) pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing; (ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and precautions; (iii) control of the aeroplane by external visual references; (iv) normal take-offs and landings; (v) the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi) simulated engine failure. (2) Phase 2: Exercises up to the first solo cross-country flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual flight instruction and at least 10 hours solo flight including: (i) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) takeoffs and short-field landings; (ii) flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a 180 ° turn; (iii) dual cross-country flying using external visual references, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (iv) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (v) crosswind take-offs and landings; (vi) abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane equipment malfunctions; (vii) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (viii) knowledge of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS. (3) Phase 3: Exercises up to the VFR navigation progress test comprise a total of at least 5 hours of dual instruction and at least 40 hours as PIC. The dual instruction and testing up to the VFR navigation progress test should comprise: (i) repetition of exercises of phases 1 and 2; (ii) VFR navigation progress test conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training; (iii) dual night flight instruction. (4) Phase 4: Exercises up to the instrument rating skill test comprise: (i) at least 55 hours instrument flight, which may contain up to 25 hours of instrument ground time in an FNPT I or up to 40 hours in an FNPT II or FFS which should be conducted by an FI or an authorised SFI; (ii) 20 hours instrument time flown as SPIC; (iii) pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (iv) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A) transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B) SIDs and arrivals; (C) en-route IFR procedures; (D) holding procedures; (E) instrument approaches to specified minima; (F) missed approach procedures; (G) landings from instrument approaches, including circling; (v) in-flight manoeuvres and specific flight characteristics and the basic UPRT exercises as specified in Sections A, B, C and D of Table 2 in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi) operation of an ME aeroplane in the exercises of (iv), including operation of the aeroplane solely by reference to instruments with one engine simulated inoperative, and engine shut-down and restart (the latter training should be conducted at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FSTD); (vii) after completion of instrument training that is equivalent to the basic instrument flight module set out in AMC2 to Appendix 6, take-offs and landings as PIC at night. (5) Phase 5: Advanced UPRT in accordance with point FCL.745.A; (6) Phase 6: (i) instruction and testing in MCC comprising the relevant training requirements; (ii) if a type rating for single-pilot aeroplanes in multi-pilot operations, or multi-pilot aeroplanes is not required on completion of this phase, the applicant should be issued with a certificate of course completion for MCC training. **B. ATP modular theoretical knowledge course: aeroplanes** (a) The aim of this course is to train pilots who have not received the theoretical knowledge instruction during an integrated course to the level of theoretical knowledge required for the ATPL. (b) An approved course may contain in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). (c) The ATP modular course should be completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. **C. CPL/IR integrated course: aeroplanes** (a) The CPL/IR integrated course should last between 9 and 30 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. **CREDITING** (b) Credit for previous experience given to an applicant who already holds a PPL should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In the case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in a helicopter or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. **THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE** (c) The 500 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 500 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 25 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 75 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 80 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 20 hours (5) Meteorology 40 hours (6) Navigation 55 hours (7) Operational procedures 15 hours (8) Principles of flight 35 hours (9) Communications 15 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. **FLYING TRAINING** (d) The flying instruction is divided into four phases: (1) Phase 1: Exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours dual flight instruction on an SE aeroplane, including: (i) pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing; (ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and precautions; (iii) control of the aeroplane by external visual references; (iv) normal take-offs and landings; (v) the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi) simulated engine failure. (2) Phase 2: Exercises up to the first solo cross-country flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual flight instruction and at least 10 hours solo flight including: (i) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) take-offs and short-field landings; (ii) flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a 180° turn; (iii) dual cross-country flying using external visual references, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (iv) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (v) crosswind take-offs and landings; (vi) abnormal and emergency operations and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane equipment malfunctions; (vii) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (viii) knowledge of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS. (3) Phase 3: Exercises up to the VFR navigation progress test comprise a total of at least 5 hours of instruction and at least 40 hours as PIC. The dual instruction and testing up to the VFR navigation progress test and the skill test should contain the following: (i) repetition of exercises of phases 1 and 2; (ii) VFR navigation progress test conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training; (iii) dual night flight instruction. (4) Phase 4: Exercises up to the instrument rating skill test comprise: (i) at least 55 hours instrument time, which may contain up to 25 hours of instrument ground time in an FNPT I or up to 40 hours in an FNPT II or FFS which should be conducted by an FI or SFI; (ii) 20 hours instrument time flown as SPIC; (iii) pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (iv) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A) transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B) SIDs and arrivals; (C) en-route IFR procedures; (D) holding procedures; (E) instrument approaches to specified minima; (F) missed approach procedures; (G) landings from instrument approaches, including circling. (v) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics and the basic UPRT exercises as specified in Sections A, B, C and D of Table 2 in paragraph (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi) operation of either an SE or an ME aeroplane in the exercises of (iv), including in the case of an ME aeroplane operation of the aeroplane solely by reference to instruments with one engine simulated inoperative and engine shut-down and restart. The latter exercise is to be conducted at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FSTD; (vii) after completion of instrument training that is equivalent to the basic instrument flight module set out in AMC2 to Appendix 6, take-offs and landings as PIC at night. **D. CPL integrated course: aeroplanes** (a) The CPL integrated course should last between 9 and 24 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. **CREDITING** (b) Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In the case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in a helicopter or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. **THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE** (c) The 350 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. **FLYING TRAINING** (d) The flying instruction is divided into four phases: (1) Phase 1: Exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours dual flight instruction on an SE aeroplane, including: (i) pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing; (ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and precautions; (iii) control of the aeroplane by external visual references; (iv) normal take-offs and landings; (v) the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (vi) simulated engine failure. (2) Phase 2: Exercises up to the first solo cross-country flight comprise a total of at least 10 hours of dual flight instruction and at least 10 hours solo flight including: (i) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance) take-offs and short-field landings; (ii) flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a 180° turn; (iii) dual cross-country flying using external visual references, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (iv) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (v) crosswind take-offs and landings; (vi) abnormal and emergency procedures and manoeuvres, including simulated aeroplane equipment malfunctions; (vii) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (viii) knowledge of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS. (3) Phase 3: Exercises up to the VFR navigation progress test comprise a total of at least 30 hours instruction and at least 58 hours as PIC, including: (i) at least 10 hours instrument time, which may contain 5 hours of instrument ground time in an FNPT or an FFS and should be conducted by an FI or SFI; (ii) repetition of exercises of phases 1 and 2, which should include at least 5 hours in an aeroplane certificated for the carriage of at least four persons and have a variable pitch propeller and retractable landing gear; (iii) night flight time including, g, after completion of instrument training that is equivalent to the basic instrument flight module set out in AMC2 to Appendix 6, take-offs and landings as PIC. (4) Phase 4: The dual instruction and testing up to the CPL(A) skill test contain the following: (i) up to 30 hours instruction which may be allocated to specialised aerial work training; (ii) repetition of exercises in Phase 3, as required; (iii) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics including the basic UPRT exercises as specified in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5; (iv) ME training. If required, operation of an ME aeroplane including operation of the aeroplane with one engine simulated inoperative, and engine shutdown and restart (the latter exercise at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FSTD). **E. CPL modular course: aeroplanes** (a) The CPL modular course should tbe completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. **CREDITING** Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited with an amount of hours to meet the requirement of 150 hours of flight time of Appendix 3, Part E, point (3)(a). The amount of credited hours should be decided by the ATO where the applicant takes the training course on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but in any case, should have been completed only in one aircraft category other than aeroplane. **THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE** (b) The 250 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodromes or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). **FLYING TRAINING** (c) The following flight time is suggested for the flying training: (1) visual flight training: suggested flight time (i) Exercise 1: pre-flight operations: mass and balance determination, aeroplane inspection and servicing. (ii) Exercise 2: take-off, traffic pattern, 0:45 hours approach and landing, use of checklist, collision avoidance and checking procedures. (iii) Exercise 3: traffic patterns: simulated 0:45 hours engine failure during and after take-off. (iv) Exercise 4: maximum performance 1:00 hours (short field and obstacle clearance) take-offs and short-field landings. (v) Exercise 5: crosswind take-offs, 1:00 hours landings and go-arounds. (vi) Exercise 6: Arresting divergence of the aeroplane 0:45 hours from intended flight path, Preventing flight at airspeeds inappropriate for the (intended flight) conditions, High airspeed (including flight at relatively high airspeed), Steep turns Nose-low attitudes at various bank angles (including spiral dive). (vii) Exercise 7: Arresting divergence of the aeroplane 0:45 hours from intended flight path, Preventing flight at airspeeds inappropriate for the (intended flight) conditions, slow flight, nose-high attitudes at various bank angles, spin avoidance, stall events in the following configurations: — take-off configuration, — clean configuration, and — landing configuration. (viii) Exercise 8: cross-country flying 10:00 hours using DR and radio navigation aids; flight planning by the applicant; filing of ATC flight plan; evaluation of weather briefing documentation, NOTAM, etc.; R/T procedures and phraseology; positioning by radio navigation aids; operation to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures for VFR flights, simulated radio communication failure, weather deterioration, diversion procedures; simulated engine failure during cruise flight; selection of an emergency landing strip. (2) instrument flight training: (i) This module’s content is identical to that of the 10-hour basic instrument flight module as set out in [AMC2 to Appendix 6](#_DxCrossRefBm1743303480). This module is focused on the basics of flying by sole reference to instruments, including limited panel and basic UPRT exercises as specified in Sections A, B and C of Table 2 in point (b) of AMC2 Appendix 3; AMC1 Appendix 5. (ii) All exercises may be performed in an FNPT I or II or an FFS. If instrument flight training is in VMC, a suitable means of simulating IMC for the student should be used. (iii) A BITD may be used for the following exercises: (9), (10), (11) and (14). (iv) The use of the BITD is subject to the following: (A) the training is complemented by exercises in an aeroplane; (B) the record of the parameters of the flight is available; (C) an FI(A) or IRI(A) conducts the instruction. (v) Exercise 9: Basic instrument flying without 0:30 hours external visual cues; horizontal flight; power changes for acceleration or deceleration, maintaining straight and level flight; turns in level flight with 15° and 25° bank, left and right; roll-out onto predetermined headings. (vi) Exercise 10: Repetition of exercise 9; 0:45 hours additionally climbing and descending, maintaining heading and speed, transition to horizontal flight; climbing and descending turns. (vii) Exercise 11: Instrument pattern: 0:45 hours (1) start exercise, decelerate to approach speed, flaps into approach configuration; (2) initiate standard turn (left or right); (3) roll out on opposite heading, maintain new heading for 1 minute; (4) standard turn, gear down, descend 500 ft/min; (5) roll out on initial heading, maintain descent (500 ft/min) and new heading for 1 minute; (6) transition to horizontal flight, 1.000 ft below initial flight level; (7) initiate go-around; (8) climb at best rate of climb speed. (viii) Exercise 12: Repetition of exercise 9 and steep 0:45 hours turns with 45° bank; recovery from unusual attitudes. (ix) Exercise 13: Repetition of exercise 12 0:45 hours (x) Exercise 14: Radio navigation using VOR, 0:45 hours NDB or, if available, VDF; interception of predetermined QDM and QDR. (xi) Exercise 15: Repetition of exercise 9 and 0:45 hours recovery from nose-high attitudes at various bank angles, recovery from nose-low attitudes at various bank angles (xii) Exercise 16: Repetition of exercise 9, turns and 0:45 hours level change and recovery from nose-high attitudes at various bank angles, recovery from nose-low attitudes at various bank angles with simulated failure of the artificial horizon or directional gyro. (xiii) Exercise 17: Basic UPRT exercises as specified 0:45 hours in point (b) of AMC2 to Appendix 3; AMC1 to Appendix 5, excluding those manoeuvres which have already been completed during exercises 15 and 16 (xiv) Exercise 18: Repetition of exercises (14), (16) and (17). 3:00 hours (3) ME training If required, operation of an ME aeroplane Exercises 1 through 17, including operation of the aeroplane with one engine simulated inoperative, and engine shutdown and restart (the latter exercise at a safe altitude unless carried out in an FSTD). Before commencing training, the applicant should have complied with the type and class ratings prerequisites as appropriate to the aeroplane used for the test. (4) Applicants who need to complete night training in accordance with point 10(b) of Section E of Appendix 3 to Part-FCL should perform take-offs and landings as PIC at night only after having completed the instrument flight training specified in point (2)(i) of ‘FLYING TRAINING’ of Section E of this AMC. **F. ATP/IR integrated course: helicopters** (a) The ATP/IR integrated course should last between 12 and 36 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. **CREDITING** (b) Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. **THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE** (c) The 750 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress test, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 750 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 35 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 100 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 120 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 35 hours (5) Meteorology 60 hours (6) Navigation 90 hours (7) Operational procedures 25 hours (8) Principles of flight 55 hours (9) Communications 20 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. (d) The flight instruction is divided into four phases: (1) phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter, including: (1) pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (2) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (3) control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (4) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (5) emergency procedures, basic auto-rotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2) phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress check, and basic instrument flying progress check. This phase comprises a total flight time of not less than 128 hours including 73 hours of dual flight instruction flight time and including at least 5 hours VFR conversion training on an ME helicopter, 15 hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as student PIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i) sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii) recognition of and recovery from the incipient vortex ring state; (iii) advanced/touchdown auto-rotations, simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv) steep turns; (v) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi) limited power and confined area operations, including low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii) flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a 180 ° turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii) cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (ix) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes; compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi) application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii) night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii) general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with [Appendix 4](#_DxCrossRefBm1743303228) to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. (3) phase 3: Flight exercises up to IR skill test. This part comprises a total of 40 hours dual instrument flight time, including 10 hours of an ME IFR certificated helicopter. The instruction and testing should contain the following: (i) pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (ii) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A) transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B) SIDs and arrivals; (C) en-route IFR procedures; (D) holding procedures; (E) instrument approaches to specified minima; (F) missed approach procedure; (G) landings from instrument approaches; (H) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics; (I) instrument exercises with one engine simulated inoperative. (4) phase 4: Instruction in MCC should comprise the relevant training set out in [FCL.735.H](#_DxCrossRefBm1743303004) and [AMC1 FCL.735.A, FCL.735.H and FCL.735.As](#_DxCrossRefBm1743303249). If a type rating for MP helicopter is not required on completion of this part, the applicant should be provided with a certificate of course completion for MCC training. **G. ATP integrated course: helicopters** (a) The ATP integrated course should last between 12 and 36 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. **CREDITING** (b) Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. **THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE** (c) The 650 hours of instruction, which also cover the area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 650 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 30 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 90 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 90 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 30 hours (5) Meteorology 50 hours (6) Navigation 70 hours (7) Operational procedures 20 hours (8) Principles of flight 45 hours (9) Communications 15 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. (d) The flight instruction is divided into three phases: (1) phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight comprise a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter, including: (i) pre-flight operations, mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (iii) control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (iv) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (v) emergency procedures, basic auto-rotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2) phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress and basic instrument flying progress check conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. This phase comprises a total flight time of not less than 128hours, including 73 hours of dual instruction flight time and including at least 5 hours VFR conversion training on an ME helicopter, 15 hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as student PIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i) sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii) recognition of and recovery from the incipient vortex ring state; (iii) touchdown or advanced auto-rotations, simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv) steep turns; (v) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi) limited power and confined area operations, including low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii) 10 hours flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a 180 ° turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii) cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (ix) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi) application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii) night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii) general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with [Appendix 4](#_DxCrossRefBm1743303228) to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. (3) phase 3: Instruction in MCC comprises the relevant training set out in [FCL.735.H](#_DxCrossRefBm1743303004) and [AMC1 FCL.735.A, FCL.735.H and FCL.735.As](#_DxCrossRefBm1743303249). If a type rating for MP helicopter is not required on completion of this part, the applicant should be provided with a certificate of course completion for MCC training. **H. ATP modular theoretical knowledge course: helicopters** (a) The aim of this course is to train pilots who have not received the theoretical knowledge instruction during an integrated course to the level of theoretical knowledge required for the ATPL. (b) An approved course, which also covers the area 100 KSA, may contain in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). (c) The ATP modular course should be completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. **I. CPL/IR integrated course: helicopters** (a) The CPL/IR integrated course should last between 9 and 30 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. **CREDITING** (b) Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. **THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE** (c) The 500 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 500 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 25 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 75 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 80 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 20 hours (5) Meteorology 40 hours (6) Navigation 55 hours (7) Operational procedures 15 hours (8) Principles of flight 35 hours (9) Communications 15 hours Other subdivision of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. **FLYING TRAINING** (d) The flight instruction is divided into three phases: (1) phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight. This part comprises a total of at least 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter including: (i) pre-flight operations: mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (iii) control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (iv) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (v) emergency procedures, basic auto-rotation, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2) phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress check conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training, and basic instrument progress check. This part comprises a total flight time of not less than 128 hours, including 73 hours of dual instruction flight time and including at least 5 hours VFR conversion training on an ME helicopter, 15 hours of solo flight and 40 hours flown as SPIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i) sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii) recognition of and recovery from the incipient vortex ring state; (iii) touchdown or advanced auto-rotation and simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv) steep turns; (v) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi) limited power and confined area operations, including selection of and low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii) flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of 180 degree turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii) cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids and diversion procedures; (ix) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi) application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii) night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii) general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with [Appendix 4](#_DxCrossRefBm1743303228) to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. (3) phase 3: Flight exercises up to IR skill test. This part comprises a total of 40 hours dual instrument flight time, including 10 hours of an ME IFR certificated helicopter. The instruction and testing should contain the following: (i) pre-flight procedures for IFR flights, including the use of the flight manual and appropriate ATS documents in the preparation of an IFR flight plan; (ii) procedures and manoeuvres for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and emergency conditions covering at least: (A) transition from visual to instrument flight on take-off; (B) SIDs and arrivals; (C) en-route IFR procedures; (D) holding procedures; (E) instrument approaches to specified minima; (F) missed approach procedure; (G) landings from instrument approaches; (H) in-flight manoeuvres and particular flight characteristics; (I) instrument exercises with one engine simulated inoperative. **J. CPL integrated course: helicopters** (a) The CPL integrated course should last between 9 and 24 months. This period may be extended where additional flying training or ground instruction is provided by the ATO. **CREDITING** (b) Credit for the hours flown should be entered into the applicant’s training record. In case of a student pilot who does not hold a pilot licence and with the approval of the competent authority, an ATO may designate certain dual exercises to be flown in an aeroplane or a TMG up to a maximum of 20 hours. **THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE** (c) The 350 hours of instruction, which also cover the Area 100 KSA, may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. The 350 hours of instruction should be divided in such a way that in each subject the minimum hours are: (1) Air law 15 hours (2) Aircraft general knowledge 40 hours (3) Flight performance and planning 35 hours (4) Human performance and limitations 10 hours (5) Meteorology 30 hours (6) Navigation 35 hours (7) Operational procedures 10 hours (8) Principles of flight 30 hours (9) Communications 10 hours Other subdivisions of hours may be agreed upon between the competent authority and the ATO. **FLYING TRAINING** (d) The flight instruction is divided into two phases: (1) phase 1: Flight exercises up to the first solo flight. This part comprises a total of not less than 12 hours dual flight instruction on a helicopter, including: (1) pre-flight operations: mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing; (2) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance and procedures; (3) control of the helicopter by external visual reference; (4) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover; (5) emergency procedures, basic auto-rotations, simulated engine failure, ground resonance recovery if relevant to type. (2) phase 2: Flight exercises until general handling and day VFR navigation progress check conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training, and basic instrument progress check. This part comprises a total flight time of not less than 123 hours, including 73 hours of dual instruction flight time, 15 hours of solo flight and 35 hours flown as SPIC. The instruction and testing contain the following: (i) sideways and backwards flight, turns on the spot; (ii) recognition of and recovery from the incipient vortex ring state; (iii) touchdown or advanced auto-rotations and simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits; (iv) steep turns; (v) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs; (vi) limited power and confined area operations, including selection of and low level operations to and from unprepared sites; (vii) flight by sole reference to basic flight instruments, including completion of a 180° turn and recovery from unusual attitudes to simulate inadvertent entry into cloud; (viii) cross-country flying by external visual reference, DR and radio navigation aids, diversion procedures; (ix) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations at different aerodromes; (x) operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures, R/T procedures and phraseology; (xi) application of meteorological briefing arrangements, evaluation of weather conditions for flight and use of AIS; (xii) night flight, including take-offs and landings as PIC; (xiii) general handling, day VFR navigation and basic instrument flying progress checks in accordance with Appendix 4 to Part-FCL, conducted by an FI not connected with the applicant’s training. **K. CPL modular course: helicopters** (a) The CPL modular course should be completed within 18 months. This period may be extended where additional training is provided by the ATO. The flight instruction and skill test need to be completed within the period of validity of the pass in the theoretical examinations. **CREDITING** Applicants with prior experience as PIC may be credited with an amount of hours to meet the requirement of 150 hours of flight time of Appendix 3, Part K, point (3)(a). The amount of credited hours should be decided by the ATO where the applicant takes the training course on the basis of a pre-entry flight test, but in any case, should have been completed only in one aircraft category other than helicopter, and not be a combination of hours in more than two different aircraft categories. **THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE** (b) The 250 hours of instruction, which also covers the Area 100 KSA may include in suitable proportions: (1) classroom work; (2) lessons; (3) tutorials; (4) demonstrations, including those supported by demonstration equipment; (5) exercises carried out as groups or individuals and based on pre-flight and en-route planning, communications, presentations and projects; (6) exercises that use demonstration equipment or training devices; (7) directed study including workbook exercises or assignments; (8) aerodrome or aviation industry field trips; (9) computer-based training and e-learning elements; (10) progress tests, Area 100 KSA assessments and mental maths test(s); and (11) other training methods, media and tools approved by the competent authority. Approved distance-learning (correspondence) courses may also be offered as part of the course. The minimum amount of classroom instruction, as required by ORA.ATO.305, may include all of the above except item (b)(9). **FLYING TRAINING** (c) The flying instruction comprises the following items. The flight time allocated to each exercise is at the discretion of the FI, provided that at least 5 hours flight time is allocated to cross-country flying. **VISUAL INSTRUCTION** (d) Within the total of dual flight instruction time, the applicant may have completed during the visual phase up to 5 hours in a helicopter FFS or FTD 2, 3 or FNPT II, III. (1) pre-flight operations: mass and balance calculations, helicopter inspection and servicing; (2) level flight speed changes, climbing, descending, turns, basic autorotations, use of checklist, collision avoidance and checking procedures; (3) take-offs and landings, traffic pattern, approach, simulated engine failures in the traffic pattern. Sideways and backwards flight and spot turns in the hover; (4) recognition of and recovery from the incipient vortex ring state; (5) advanced auto-rotations covering the speed range from low speed to maximum range and manoeuvre in auto-rotations (180°, 360° and '̀S' turns) and simulated engine-off landings; (6) selection of emergency landing areas, auto-rotations following simulated emergencies to given areas and steep turns at 30° and 45° bank; (7) manoeuvres at low level and quick-stops; (8) landings, take-offs and transitions to and from the hover when heading out of wind; (9) landings and take-offs from sloping or uneven ground; (10) landings and take-offs with limited power; (11) low level operations into and out of confined landing sites; (12) cross-country flying using dead reckoning and radio navigation aids, flight planning by the applicant, filing of ATC flight plan, evaluation of weather briefing documentation, NOTAM, etc., R/T procedures and phraseology, positioning by radio navigation aids; operation to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with ATS procedures for VFR flights, simulated radio communication failure, weather deterioration, diversion procedures; location of an off airfield landing site and simulated approach. **BASIC INSTRUMENT INSTRUCTION** (e) A maximum of 5 hours of the following exercises may be performed in an FFS or FTD or FNPT. Flight training should be carried out in VMC using a suitable means of simulating IMC for the student. (1) Exercise 1: Instrument flying without external visual cues. Level flight performing speed changes, maintaining flight altitude (level, heading) turns in level flight at rate 1 and 30° bank, left and right; roll-out on predetermined headings; (2) Exercise 2: repetition of exercise 1; additionally climbing and descending, maintaining heading and speed, transition to horizontal flight; climbing and descending turns; (3) Exercise 3: repetition of exercise 1; and recovery from unusual attitudes; (4) Exercise 4: radio navigation; (5) Exercise 5: repetition of exercise 1; and turns using standby magnetic compass and standby artificial horizon (if fitted).