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AMC2 FCL.115 LAPL -- Training course

Available versions for ERULES-1963177438-10493

ED Decision 2020/005/R found in: Aircrew (1178/2011) Part-FCL Part-MED Part-CC Part-ARA Part-ORA Part-DTO (Dec 2024)
ED Decision 2025/002/R found in: Aircrew (1178/2011) Part-FCL Part-MED Part-CC Part-ARA Part-ORA Part-DTOPart-FCL Part-MED Part-CC Part-ARA Part-ORA Part-DTO (Nov 2025)

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AMC2 FCL.115 LAPL(H) Training course

ED Decision 2020/005/R

FLIGHT INSTRUCTION FOR THE LAPL(H)

(a)     Entry to
training

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be
informed that the

appropriate medical certificate must be obtained before solo
flying is

permitted.

(b)     Flight
instruction

(1)     The LAPL(H)
flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of threat
and error management and also cover:

(i)      pre-flight
operations, including mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection
and servicing;

(ii)     aerodrome
and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance precautions and
procedures;

(iii)     control of
the helicopter by external visual reference;

(iv)     take-offs,
landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the
hover;

(v)      emergency
procedures, basic autorotations, simulated engine failure and ground resonance
recovery if relevant to type;

(vi)     sideways and
backwards flight and turns on the spot;

(vii)    incipient
vortex ring recognition and recovery;

(viii)   touchdown
autorotations, simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings.
Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to
malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits;

(ix)     steep turns;

(x)      transitions,
quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs;

(xi)     limited
power and confined area operations including selection of and operations to
and from unprepared sites;

(xii)    cross-country
flying by using visual reference, dead reckoning and, where available and
radio navigation aids;

(xiii)   operations
to and from aerodromes; compliance with air traffic services procedures and
communication procedures.

(2)     Before
allowing applicants to undertake their first solo flight, the FI should ensure
that the applicants can use R/T communication and can operate the required
systems and equipment.

(1)     The numbering
of exercises should be used primarily as an exercise reference list and as a
broad instructional sequencing guide; therefore the demonstrations and
practices need not necessarily be given in the order listed. The actual order
and content will depend upon the following interrelated factors:

(i)      the
applicant’s progress and ability;

(ii)     the weather
conditions affecting the flight;

(iii)     the flight
time available;

(iv)     instructional
technique considerations;

(v)      the local
operating environment;

(vi)     applicability
of the exercises to the helicopter type.

(2)     Each of the
exercises involves the need for the applicant to be aware of the needs of good
airmanship and look-out, which should be emphasised at all times.

(i)      Exercise 1a:
Familiarisation with the helicopter:

(A)     characteristics
of the helicopter, external features;

(B)     cockpit
layout;

(D)     checklists,
procedures, controls.

(ii)     Exercise 1b:
Emergency procedures:

(A)     action if
fire on the ground and in the air;

(B)     engine, cabin
and electrical system fire;

(D)     escape
drills, location and use of emergency equipment and exits.

(iii)     Exercise 2:
Preparation for and action after flight:

(A)     flight
authorisation and helicopter acceptance;

(B)     serviceability
documents;

(D)     external
checks;

(E)     internal
checks;

(F)     seat, harness
and flight controls adjustments;

(G)     starting and
warm-up checks clutch engagement and starting rotors;

(H)     power checks;

(I)      running down
system checks and switching off the engine;

(J)      parking,
security and picketing;

(K)     completion of
authorisation sheet and serviceability documents.

(iv)     Exercise 3:
Air experience:

(A)     to introduce
the student to rotary wing flight;

(B)     flight
exercise.

(v)      Exercise 4:
Effects of controls:

(A)     function of
flight controls, primary and secondary effect;

(B)     effect of air
speed;

(D)     effect of yaw
(sideslip);

(E)     effect of
disc loading (bank and flare);

(F)     effect on
controls of selecting hydraulics on/off;

(G)     effect of
control friction;

(H)     instruments;

(I)      use of
carburettor heat or anti-icing control.

(vi)     Exercise 5:
Power and attitude changes:

(A)     relationship
between cyclic control position, disc attitude, fuselage attitude and air
speed;

(B)     flapback;

(D)     power and air
speed changes in level flight;

(E)     use of instruments
for precision;

(F)     engine and
air speed limitations.

(vii)    Exercise 6a:
Straight and level:

(A)     at normal
cruising power, attaining and maintaining straight and level flight;

(B)     control in
pitch, including use of control friction or trim;

(D)     setting power
for selected air speeds and speed changes;

(E)     use of
instruments for precision.

(viii)   Exercise 6b:
Climbing:

(A)     optimum climb
speed, best angle or rate of climb from power required diagram;

(B)     initiation,
maintaining the normal and maximum rate of climb, levelling off;

(D)     use of
instruments for precision.

(ix)     Exercise 6c:
Descending:

(A)     optimum
descent speed and best angle or rate of descent from power required diagram;

(B)     initiation,
maintaining and levelling off;

(D)     descent
(including effect of power and air speed);

(E)     use of
instruments for precision.

(x)      Exercise 6d:
Turning:

(A)     initiation
and maintaining medium level turns;

(B)     resuming
straight flight;

(D)     climbing and
descending turns and effect on rate of climb or descent;

(E)     turns onto
selected headings, use of gyro heading indicator and compass;

(F)     use of
instruments for precision.

(xi)     Exercise 7:
Basic autorotation:

(A)     safety
checks, verbal warning and look-out;

(B)     entry,
development and characteristics;

(D)     effect of
AUM, IAS, disc loading, G-forces and density altitude

(E)     re-engagement
and go-around procedures (throttle over-ride or ERPM control);

(F)     vortex
condition during recovery;

(G)     gentle and
medium turns in autorotation;

(H)     demonstration
of variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xii)    Exercise 8a:
Hovering:

(A)     demonstrate
hover IGE, importance of wind effect and attitude, ground cushion, stability
in the hover, effects of over controlling;

(B)     student
holding cyclic stick only;

(D)     student
handling collective lever, (throttle) and pedals;

(E)     student
handling all controls;

(F)     demonstration
of ground effect;

(G)     demonstration
of wind effect;

(H)     demonstrate
gentle forward running touchdown;

(I)      specific
hazards, for example snow, dust and litter.

(xiii)   Exercise 8b:
Hover taxiing and spot turns:

(A)     revise
hovering;

(B)     precise ground
speed and height control;

(D)     control and
coordination during spot turns;

(E)     carefully
introduce gentle forward running touchdown.

(xiv)   Exercise 8c:
Hovering and taxiing emergencies:

(A)     revise
hovering and gentle forward running touchdown, explain (demonstrate where
applicable) effect of hydraulics failure in the hover;

(B)     demonstrate
simulated engine failure in the hover and hover taxi.

(xv)    Exercise 9:
Take-off and landing

(A)     pre-take-off
checks or drills;

(B)     look-out;

(D)     after
take-off checks;

(E)     danger of
horizontal movement near ground;

(F)     danger of
mishandling and overpitching;

(G)     landing
(without sideways or backwards movement);

(H)     after landing
checks or drills;

(I)      take-off and
landing crosswind and downwind.

(xvi)   Exercise 10:
Transitions from hover to climb and approach to hover:

(A)     look-out;

(B)     revise
take-off and landing;

(D)     flapback and
its effects;

(E)     effect of
wind speed and direction during transitions from or to the hover;

(F)     the constant
angle approach;

(G)     demonstration
of variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xvii)  Exercise 11a:
Circuit, approach and landing:

(A)     revise
transitions from hover to climb and approach to hover;

(B)     circuit
procedures, downwind and base leg;

(D)     pre-landing
checks;

(E)     effect of
wind on approach and IGE hover

(F)     crosswind
approach and landing;

(G)     go-around;

(H)     noise
abatement procedures.

(xviii) Exercise 11b:
Steep and limited power approaches and landings:

(A)     revise the
constant angle approach;

(B)     the steep
approach (explain danger of high sink rate and low air speed);

(D)     use of the
ground effect;

(E)     variable
flare simulated engine off landing.

(xix)   Exercise 11c:
Emergency procedures:

(A)     abandoned
take-off;

(B)     missed
approach and go-around;

(D)     tail rotor
control or tail rotor drive failure (briefing only);

(E)     simulated
emergencies in the circuit to include:

(F)     hydraulics
failure;

(G)     simulated
engine failure on take-off, crosswind, downwind and base leg;

(H)     governor
failure.

(xx)    Exercise 12:
First solo:

(A)     instructor’s
briefing, observation of flight and debriefing;

(B)     warn of
change of attitude from reduced and laterally displaced weight;

(D)     warn of
dangers of loss of RRPM and overpitching;

(E)     pre-take-off
checks;

(F)     into wind
take-off;

(G)     procedures
during and after take-off;

(H)     normal
circuit, approaches and landings;

(I)      action if an
emergency.

(xxi)   Exercise 13:
Sideways and backwards hover manoeuvring:

(A)     manoeuvring
sideways flight heading into wind;

(B)     manoeuvring
backwards flight heading into wind;

(D)     manoeuvring
sideways and backwards, heading out of wind;

(E)     stability and
weather cocking;

(F)     recovery from
backwards manoeuvring, (pitch nose down);

(G)     groundspeed
limitations for sideways and backwards manoeuvring.

(xxii)  Exercise 14:
Spot turns:

(A)     revise
hovering into wind and downwind;

(B)     turn on spot
through 360°:

(a)      around
pilots position;

(b)     around tail
rotor;

(d)     square and
safe visibility clearing turn.

(xxiii) Exercise 15:
Hover OGE and vortex ring:

(A)     establishing
hover OGE;

(B)     drift, height
or power control;

(D)     loss of tail
rotor effectiveness.

(xxiv)  Exercise 16:
Simulated EOL:

(A)     the effect of
weight, disc loading, density attitude and RRPM decay;

(B)     revise basic
autorotation entry;

(D)     variable
flare simulated EOL;

(E)     demonstrate
constant attitude simulated EOL;

(F)     demonstrate
simulated EOL from hover or hover taxi;

(G)     demonstrate
simulated EOL from transition and low level.

(xxv)  Exercise 17:
Advanced autorotation:

(A)     over a
selected point at various height and speed;

(B)     revise basic
autorotation: note ground distance covered;

(D)     low speed
autorotation;

(E)     constant
attitude autorotation (terminate at safe altitude);

(F)     ‘S’ turns;

(G)     turns through
180° and 360°;

(H)     effects on
angles of descent, IAS, RRPM and effect of AUM.

(xxvi)  Exercise 18:
Practice forced landings:

(A)     procedure and
choice of the forced landing area;

(B)     forced
landing checks and crash action;

(xxvii) Exercise 19:
Steep turns:

(A)     steep (level)
turns (30° bank);

(B)     maximum rate
turns (45° bank if possible);

(D)     faults in the
turn: balance, attitude, bank and coordination;

(E)     RRPM control
and disc loading;

(F)     vibration and
control feedback;

(G)     effect of
wind at low level.

(xxviii)Exercise 20: Transitions:

(A)     revise ground
effect, translational lift and flapback;

(B)     maintaining
constant height, (20–30 ft AGL):

(D)     demonstrate
effect of wind.

(xxix)  Exercise 21:
Quick stops:

(A)     use of power
and controls;

(B)     effect of
wind;

(D)     quick stops
from crosswind and downwind terminating into wind;

(E)     danger of
vortex ring;

(F)     danger of
high disc loading.

(xxx)  Exercise 22a:
Navigation:

(A)     Flight
planning:

(a)      weather
forecast and actuals;

(b)     map selection
and preparation and use:

(1)     choice of
route;

(2)     controlled
airspace, danger and prohibited areas;

(3)     safety
altitudes and noise abatement considerations.

(1)     magnetic
heading(s) and time(s) en-route;

(2)     fuel
consumption;

(3)     mass and
balance.

(d)     flight
information:

(1)     NOTAMs, etc.;

(2)     radio
frequencies;

(3)     selection of
alternate landing sites.

(e)     helicopter
documentation;

(f)      notification
of the flight:

(1)     pre-flight
administrative procedures;

(2)     flight plan
form (where appropriate).

(B)     Departure:

(a)      organisation
of cockpit workload;

(b)     departure
procedures:

(1)     altimeter
settings;

(2)     ATC liaison
in regulated airspace;

(3)     setting
heading procedure;

(4)     noting of
ETAs.

(d)     revisions of
ETA and heading:

(1)     10° line,
double track, track error and closing angle;

(2)     1 in 60 rule;

(3)     amending an
ETA.

(e)     log keeping;

(f)      use of
radio;

(g)      minimum
weather conditions for continuation of flight;

(h)     in-flight
decisions;

(i)      transiting
controlled or regulated airspace;

(j)      uncertainty
of position procedure;

(k)      lost
procedure.

(a)      ATC liaison
in regulated airspace;

(b)     altimeter
setting;

(d)     circuit
procedures;

(e)     parking;

(f)      security of
helicopter;

(g)      refuelling;

(h)     closing of
flight plan, (if appropriate);

(i)      post-flight
administrative procedures.

(xxxi)  Exercise 22b:
Navigation problems at low heights and in reduced visibility:

(A)     actions before
descending;

(B)     hazards (for
example obstacles and other aircraft);

(D)     effects of
wind and turbulence;

(E)     avoidance of
noise-sensitive areas;

(F)     actions in
case of DVE;

(G)     decision to
divert or make a precautionary landing;

(H)     bad-weather
circuit and landing;

(I)      appropriate
procedures and choice of landing area;

(J)      precautionary
landing.

(xxxii) Exercise
22c: Radio navigation (basics):

(A)     Use of GNNS
or VOR/NDB:

(a)      selection of
waypoints;

(b)     to or from
indications or orientation;

(B)     Use of
VHF/DF:

(a)      availability,
AIP and frequencies;

(b)     R/T
procedures and ATC liaison;

(a)      availability
and AIP;

(b)     procedures
and ATC liaison;

(d)     secondary surveillance radar:

(1)     transponders;

(2)     code
selection;

(3)     interrogation
and reply.

(xxxiii) Exercise 23: Advanced take-off, landings and transitions:

(A)     landing and
take-off out of wind (performance reduction);

(B)     ground
effect, translational lift and directional stability variation when out of
wind;

(D)     vertical
take-off over obstacles;

(E)     reconnaissance
of landing site;

(F)     running
landing;

(G)     zero speed
landing;

(H)     crosswind and
downwind landings;

(I)      steep
approach;

(J)      go-around.

(xxxiv) Exercise 24: Sloping ground:

(A)     limitations
and assessing slope angle;

(B)     wind and
slope relationship: blade and control stops;

(D)     ground effect
on slope and power required;

(E)     right skid up
slope;

(F)     left skid up
slope;

(G)     nose up
slope;

(H)     avoidance of
dynamic roll over, dangers soft ground and sideways movement on touchdown;

(I)      danger of
striking main or tail rotor by harsh control movement near ground.

(xxxv) Exercise 25:
Limited power:

(A)     take-off
power check;

(B)     vertical
take-off over obstacles;

(D)     running
landing;

(E)     zero speed
landing;

(F)     approach to
low hover;

(G)     approach to
hover;

(H)     approach to
hover OGE;

(I)      steep
approach;

(J)      go-around.

(xxxvi) Exercise 26: Confined areas:

(A)     landing
capability and performance assessment;

(B)     locating
landing site and assessing wind speed and direction;

(D)     select
markers;

(E)     select
direction and type of approach;

(F)     circuit;

(G)     approach to
committed point and go-around;

(H)     approach;

(I)      clearing
turn;

(J)      landing;

(K)     power check
and performance assessment in and OGE;

(L)      normal
take-off to best angle of climb speed;

(M)    vertical
take-off from hover.

AMC2 FCL.115 LAPL(H) Training course

ED Decision 2020/005/R

FLIGHT INSTRUCTION FOR THE LAPL(H)

(a) Entry to training

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the

appropriate medical certificate must be obtained before solo flying is

permitted.

(b) Flight instruction

(1) The LAPL(H) flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of threat and error management and also cover:

(i) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance determination, helicopter inspection and servicing;

(ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance precautions and procedures;

(iii) control of the helicopter by external visual reference;

(iv) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal transitions from and to the hover;

(v) emergency procedures, basic autorotations, simulated engine failure and ground resonance recovery if relevant to type;

(vi) sideways and backwards flight and turns on the spot;

(vii) incipient vortex ring recognition and recovery;

(viii) touchdown autorotations, simulated engine-off landings, practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls, electrical and hydraulic circuits;

(ix) steep turns;

(x) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground landings and take-offs;

(xi) limited power and confined area operations including selection of and operations to and from unprepared sites;

(xii) cross-country flying by using visual reference, dead reckoning and, where available and radio navigation aids;

(xiii) operations to and from aerodromes; compliance with air traffic services procedures and communication procedures.

(2) Before allowing applicants to undertake their first solo flight, the FI should ensure that the applicants can use R/T communication and can operate the required systems and equipment.

(1) The numbering of exercises should be used primarily as an exercise reference list and as a broad instructional sequencing guide; therefore the demonstrations and practices need not necessarily be given in the order listed. The actual order and content will depend upon the following interrelated factors:

(i) the applicant’s progress and ability;

(ii) the weather conditions affecting the flight;

(iii) the flight time available;

(iv) instructional technique considerations;

(v) the local operating environment;

(vi) applicability of the exercises to the helicopter type.

(2) Each of the exercises involves the need for the applicant to be aware of the needs of good airmanship and look-out, which should be emphasised at all times.

(i) Exercise 1a: Familiarisation with the helicopter:

(A) characteristics of the helicopter, external features;

(B) cockpit layout;

(D) checklists, procedures, controls.

(ii) Exercise 1b: Emergency procedures:

(A) action if fire on the ground and in the air;

(B) engine, cabin and electrical system fire;

(D) escape drills, location and use of emergency equipment and exits.

(iii) Exercise 2: Preparation for and action after flight:

(A) flight authorisation and helicopter acceptance;

(B) serviceability documents;

(D) external checks;

(E) internal checks;

(F) seat, harness and flight controls adjustments;

(G) starting and warm-up checks clutch engagement and starting rotors;

(H) power checks;

(I) running down system checks and switching off the engine;

(J) parking, security and picketing;

(K) completion of authorisation sheet and serviceability documents.

(iv) Exercise 3: Air experience:

(A) to introduce the student to rotary wing flight;

(B) flight exercise.

(v) Exercise 4: Effects of controls:

(A) function of flight controls, primary and secondary effect;

(B) effect of air speed;

(D) effect of yaw (sideslip);

(E) effect of disc loading (bank and flare);

(F) effect on controls of selecting hydraulics on/off;

(G) effect of control friction;

(H) instruments;

(I) use of carburettor heat or anti-icing control.

(vi) Exercise 5: Power and attitude changes:

(A) relationship between cyclic control position, disc attitude, fuselage attitude and air speed;

(B) flapback;

(D) power and air speed changes in level flight;

(E) use of instruments for precision;

(F) engine and air speed limitations.

(vii) Exercise 6a: Straight and level:

(A) at normal cruising power, attaining and maintaining straight and level flight;

(B) control in pitch, including use of control friction or trim;

(D) setting power for selected air speeds and speed changes;

(E) use of instruments for precision.

(viii) Exercise 6b: Climbing:

(A) optimum climb speed, best angle or rate of climb from power required diagram;

(B) initiation, maintaining the normal and maximum rate of climb, levelling off;

(D) use of instruments for precision.

(ix) Exercise 6c: Descending:

(A) optimum descent speed and best angle or rate of descent from power required diagram;

(B) initiation, maintaining and levelling off;

(D) descent (including effect of power and air speed);

(E) use of instruments for precision.

(x) Exercise 6d: Turning:

(A) initiation and maintaining medium level turns;

(B) resuming straight flight;

(D) climbing and descending turns and effect on rate of climb or descent;

(E) turns onto selected headings, use of gyro heading indicator and compass;

(F) use of instruments for precision.

(xi) Exercise 7: Basic autorotation:

(A) safety checks, verbal warning and look-out;

(B) entry, development and characteristics;

(D) effect of AUM, IAS, disc loading, G-forces and density altitude

(E) re-engagement and go-around procedures (throttle over-ride or ERPM control);

(F) vortex condition during recovery;

(G) gentle and medium turns in autorotation;

(H) demonstration of variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xii) Exercise 8a: Hovering:

(A) demonstrate hover IGE, importance of wind effect and attitude, ground cushion, stability in the hover, effects of over controlling;

(B) student holding cyclic stick only;

(D) student handling collective lever, (throttle) and pedals;

(E) student handling all controls;

(F) demonstration of ground effect;

(G) demonstration of wind effect;

(H) demonstrate gentle forward running touchdown;

(I) specific hazards, for example snow, dust and litter.

(xiii) Exercise 8b: Hover taxiing and spot turns:

(A) revise hovering;

(B) precise ground speed and height control;

(D) control and coordination during spot turns;

(E) carefully introduce gentle forward running touchdown.

(xiv) Exercise 8c: Hovering and taxiing emergencies:

(A) revise hovering and gentle forward running touchdown, explain (demonstrate where applicable) effect of hydraulics failure in the hover;

(B) demonstrate simulated engine failure in the hover and hover taxi.

(xv) Exercise 9: Take-off and landing

(A) pre-take-off checks or drills;

(B) look-out;

(D) after take-off checks;

(E) danger of horizontal movement near ground;

(F) danger of mishandling and overpitching;

(G) landing (without sideways or backwards movement);

(H) after landing checks or drills;

(I) take-off and landing crosswind and downwind.

(xvi) Exercise 10: Transitions from hover to climb and approach to hover:

(A) look-out;

(B) revise take-off and landing;

(D) flapback and its effects;

(E) effect of wind speed and direction during transitions from or to the hover;

(F) the constant angle approach;

(G) demonstration of variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xvii) Exercise 11a: Circuit, approach and landing:

(A) revise transitions from hover to climb and approach to hover;

(B) circuit procedures, downwind and base leg;

(D) pre-landing checks;

(E) effect of wind on approach and IGE hover

(F) crosswind approach and landing;

(G) go-around;

(H) noise abatement procedures.

(xviii) Exercise 11b: Steep and limited power approaches and landings:

(A) revise the constant angle approach;

(B) the steep approach (explain danger of high sink rate and low air speed);

(D) use of the ground effect;

(E) variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xix) Exercise 11c: Emergency procedures:

(A) abandoned take-off;

(B) missed approach and go-around;

(D) tail rotor control or tail rotor drive failure (briefing only);

(E) simulated emergencies in the circuit to include:

(F) hydraulics failure;

(G) simulated engine failure on take-off, crosswind, downwind and base leg;

(H) governor failure.

(xx) Exercise 12: First solo:

(A) instructor’s briefing, observation of flight and debriefing;

(B) warn of change of attitude from reduced and laterally displaced weight;

(D) warn of dangers of loss of RRPM and overpitching;

(E) pre-take-off checks;

(F) into wind take-off;

(G) procedures during and after take-off;

(H) normal circuit, approaches and landings;

(I) action if an emergency.

(xxi) Exercise 13: Sideways and backwards hover manoeuvring:

(A) manoeuvring sideways flight heading into wind;

(B) manoeuvring backwards flight heading into wind;

(D) manoeuvring sideways and backwards, heading out of wind;

(E) stability and weather cocking;

(F) recovery from backwards manoeuvring, (pitch nose down);

(G) groundspeed limitations for sideways and backwards manoeuvring.

(xxii) Exercise 14: Spot turns:

(A) revise hovering into wind and downwind;

(B) turn on spot through 360°:

(a) around pilots position;

(b) around tail rotor;

(d) square and safe visibility clearing turn.

(xxiii) Exercise 15: Hover OGE and vortex ring:

(A) establishing hover OGE;

(B) drift, height or power control;

(D) loss of tail rotor effectiveness.

(xxiv) Exercise 16: Simulated EOL:

(A) the effect of weight, disc loading, density attitude and RRPM decay;

(B) revise basic autorotation entry;

(D) variable flare simulated EOL;

(E) demonstrate constant attitude simulated EOL;

(F) demonstrate simulated EOL from hover or hover taxi;

(G) demonstrate simulated EOL from transition and low level.

(xxv) Exercise 17: Advanced autorotation:

(A) over a selected point at various height and speed;

(B) revise basic autorotation: note ground distance covered;

(D) low speed autorotation;

(E) constant attitude autorotation (terminate at safe altitude);

(F) ‘S’ turns;

(G) turns through 180° and 360°;

(H) effects on angles of descent, IAS, RRPM and effect of AUM.

(xxvi) Exercise 18: Practice forced landings:

(A) procedure and choice of the forced landing area;

(B) forced landing checks and crash action;

(xxvii) Exercise 19: Steep turns:

(A) steep (level) turns (30° bank);

(B) maximum rate turns (45° bank if possible);

(D) faults in the turn: balance, attitude, bank and coordination;

(E) RRPM control and disc loading;

(F) vibration and control feedback;

(G) effect of wind at low level.

(xxviii)Exercise 20: Transitions:

(A) revise ground effect, translational lift and flapback;

(B) maintaining constant height, (20–30 ft AGL):

(D) demonstrate effect of wind.

(xxix) Exercise 21: Quick stops:

(A) use of power and controls;

(B) effect of wind;

(D) quick stops from crosswind and downwind terminating into wind;

(E) danger of vortex ring;

(F) danger of high disc loading.

(xxx) Exercise 22a: Navigation:

(A) Flight planning:

(a) weather forecast and actuals;

(b) map selection and preparation and use:

(1) choice of route;

(2) controlled airspace, danger and prohibited areas;

(3) safety altitudes and noise abatement considerations.

(1) magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route;

(2) fuel consumption;

(3) mass and balance.

(d) flight information:

(1) NOTAMs, etc.;

(2) radio frequencies;

(3) selection of alternate landing sites.

(e) helicopter documentation;

(f) notification of the flight:

(1) pre-flight administrative procedures;

(2) flight plan form (where appropriate).

(B) Departure:

(a) organisation of cockpit workload;

(b) departure procedures:

(1) altimeter settings;

(2) ATC liaison in regulated airspace;

(3) setting heading procedure;

(4) noting of ETAs.

(d) revisions of ETA and heading:

(1) 10° line, double track, track error and closing angle;

(2) 1 in 60 rule;

(3) amending an ETA.

(e) log keeping;

(f) use of radio;

(g) minimum weather conditions for continuation of flight;

(h) in-flight decisions;

(i) transiting controlled or regulated airspace;

(j) uncertainty of position procedure;

(k) lost procedure.

(a) ATC liaison in regulated airspace;

(b) altimeter setting;

(d) circuit procedures;

(e) parking;

(f) security of helicopter;

(g) refuelling;

(h) closing of flight plan, (if appropriate);

(i) post-flight administrative procedures.

(xxxi) Exercise 22b: Navigation problems at low heights and in reduced visibility:

(A) actions before descending;

(B) hazards (for example obstacles and other aircraft);

(D) effects of wind and turbulence;

(E) avoidance of noise-sensitive areas;

(F) actions in case of DVE;

(G) decision to divert or make a precautionary landing;

(H) bad-weather circuit and landing;

(I) appropriate procedures and choice of landing area;

(J) precautionary landing.

(xxxii) Exercise 22c: Radio navigation (basics):

(A) Use of GNNS or VOR/NDB:

(a) selection of waypoints;

(b) to or from indications or orientation;

(B) Use of VHF/DF:

(a) availability, AIP and frequencies;

(b) R/T procedures and ATC liaison;

(a) availability and AIP;

(b) procedures and ATC liaison;

(d) secondary surveillance radar:

(1) transponders;

(2) code selection;

(3) interrogation and reply.

(xxxiii) Exercise 23: Advanced take-off, landings and transitions:

(A) landing and take-off out of wind (performance reduction);

(B) ground effect, translational lift and directional stability variation when out of wind;

(D) vertical take-off over obstacles;

(E) reconnaissance of landing site;

(F) running landing;

(G) zero speed landing;

(H) crosswind and downwind landings;

(I) steep approach;

(J) go-around.

(xxxiv) Exercise 24: Sloping ground:

(A) limitations and assessing slope angle;

(B) wind and slope relationship: blade and control stops;

(D) ground effect on slope and power required;

(E) right skid up slope;

(F) left skid up slope;

(G) nose up slope;

(H) avoidance of dynamic roll over, dangers soft ground and sideways movement on touchdown;

(I) danger of striking main or tail rotor by harsh control movement near ground.

(xxxv) Exercise 25: Limited power:

(A) take-off power check;

(B) vertical take-off over obstacles;

(D) running landing;

(E) zero speed landing;

(F) approach to low hover;

(G) approach to hover;

(H) approach to hover OGE;

(I) steep approach;

(J) go-around.

(xxxvi) Exercise 26: Confined areas:

(A) landing capability and performance assessment;

(B) locating landing site and assessing wind speed and direction;

(D) select markers;

(E) select direction and type of approach;

(F) circuit;

(G) approach to committed point and go-around;

(H) approach;

(I) clearing turn;

(J) landing;

(K) power check and performance assessment in and OGE;

(L) normal take-off to best angle of climb speed;

(M) vertical take-off from hover.

##### AMC2 FCL.115 LAPL — Training course

*ED Decision 2025/002/R*

**FLIGHT
INSTRUCTION FOR THE LAPL(H)**

(a) Entry to training

Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed
that the

appropriate medical certificate must be obtained before solo flying
is

permitted.

(b) Flight instruction

(1) The LAPL(H) flight instruction syllabus should take into account
the principles of threat and error management and also cover:

(i) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance determination,
helicopter inspection and servicing;

(ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance
precautions and procedures;

(iii) control of the helicopter by external visual reference;

(iv) take-offs, landings, hovering, look-out turns and normal
transitions from and to the hover;

(v) emergency procedures, basic autorotations, simulated engine
failure and ground resonance recovery if relevant to type;

(vi) sideways and backwards flight and turns on the spot;

(vii) recognition of and recovery from the incipient vortex ring
state;

(viii) touchdown autorotations, simulated engine-off landings,
practice forced landings. Simulated equipment malfunctions and
emergency procedures relating to malfunctions of engines, controls,
electrical and hydraulic circuits;

(ix) steep turns;

(x) transitions, quick stops, out of wind manoeuvres, sloping ground
landings and take-offs;

(xi) limited power and confined area operations including selection
of and operations to and from unprepared sites;

(xii) cross-country flying by using visual reference, dead reckoning
and, where available and radio navigation aids;

(xiii) operations to and from aerodromes; compliance with air traffic
services procedures and communication procedures.

(2) Before allowing applicants to undertake their first solo flight,
the FI should ensure that the applicants can use R/T communication
and can operate the required systems and equipment.

(1) The numbering of exercises should be used primarily as an
exercise reference list and as a broad instructional sequencing
guide; therefore the demonstrations and practices need not
necessarily be given in the order listed. The actual order and
content will depend upon the following interrelated factors:

(i) the applicant’s progress and ability;

(ii) the weather conditions affecting the flight;

(iii) the flight time available;

(iv) instructional technique considerations;

(v) the local operating environment;

(vi) applicability of the exercises to the helicopter type.

(2) Each of the exercises involves the need for the applicant to be
aware of the needs of good airmanship and look-out, which should be
emphasised at all times.

(i) Exercise 1a: Familiarisation with the helicopter:

(A) characteristics of the helicopter, external features;

(B) cockpit layout;

(D) checklists, procedures, controls.

(ii) Exercise 1b: Emergency procedures:

(A) action if fire on the ground and in the air;

(B) engine, cabin and electrical system fire;

(D) escape drills, location and use of emergency equipment and exits.

(iii) Exercise 2: Preparation for and action after flight:

(A) flight authorisation and helicopter acceptance;

(B) serviceability documents;

(D) external checks;

(E) internal checks;

(F) seat, harness and flight controls adjustments;

(G) starting and warm-up checks clutch engagement and starting
rotors;

(H) power checks;

(I) running down system checks and switching off the engine;

(J) parking, security and picketing;

(K) completion of authorisation sheet and serviceability documents.

(iv) Exercise 3: Air experience:

(A) to introduce the student to rotary wing flight;

(B) flight exercise.

(v) Exercise 4: Effects of controls:

(A) function of flight controls, primary and secondary effect;

(B) effect of air speed;

(D) effect of yaw (sideslip);

(E) effect of disc loading (bank and flare);

(F) effect on controls of selecting hydraulics on/off;

(G) effect of control friction;

(H) instruments;

(I) use of carburettor heat or anti-icing control.

(vi) Exercise 5: Power and attitude changes:

(A) relationship between cyclic control position, disc attitude,
fuselage attitude and air speed;

(B) flapback;

(D) power and air speed changes in level flight;

(E) use of instruments for precision;

(F) engine and air speed limitations.

(vii) Exercise 6a: Straight and level:

(A) at normal cruising power, attaining and maintaining straight and
level flight;

(B) control in pitch, including use of control friction or trim;

(D) setting power for selected air speeds and speed changes;

(E) use of instruments for precision.

(viii) Exercise 6b: Climbing:

(A) optimum climb speed, best angle or rate of climb from power
required diagram;

(B) initiation, maintaining the normal and maximum rate of climb,
levelling off;

(D) use of instruments for precision.

(ix) Exercise 6c: Descending:

(A) optimum descent speed and best angle or rate of descent from
power required diagram;

(B) initiation, maintaining and levelling off;

(D) descent (including effect of power and air speed);

(E) use of instruments for precision.

(x) Exercise 6d: Turning:

(A) initiation and maintaining medium level turns;

(B) resuming straight flight;

(D) climbing and descending turns and effect on rate of climb or
descent;

(E) turns onto selected headings, use of gyro heading indicator and
compass;

(F) use of instruments for precision.

(xi) Exercise 7: Basic autorotation:

(A) safety checks, verbal warning and look-out;

(B) entry, development and characteristics;

(D) effect of AUM, IAS, disc loading, G-forces and density altitude

(E) re-engagement and go-around procedures (throttle over-ride or
ERPM control);

(F) awareness of increased risk of vortex condition during power
recovery;

(G) gentle and medium turns in autorotation;

(H) demonstration of variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xii) Exercise 8a: Hovering:

(A) demonstrate hover IGE, importance of wind effect and attitude,
ground cushion, stability in the hover, effects of over controlling;

(B) student holding cyclic stick only;

(D) student handling collective lever, (throttle) and pedals;

(E) student handling all controls;

(F) demonstration of ground effect;

(G) demonstration of wind effect;

(H) demonstrate gentle forward running touchdown;

(I) specific hazards, for example snow, dust and litter.

(xiii) Exercise 8b: Hover taxiing and spot turns:

(A) revise hovering;

(B) precise ground speed and height control;

(D) control and coordination during spot turns;

(E) carefully introduce gentle forward running touchdown.

(xiv) Exercise 8c: Hovering and taxiing emergencies:

(A) revise hovering and gentle forward running touchdown, explain
(demonstrate where applicable) effect of hydraulics failure in the
hover;

(B) demonstrate simulated engine failure in the hover and hover taxi.

(xv) Exercise 9: Take-off and landing

(A) pre-take-off checks or drills;

(B) look-out;

(D) after take-off checks;

(E) danger of horizontal movement near ground;

(F) danger of mishandling and overpitching;

(G) landing (without sideways or backwards movement);

(H) after landing checks or drills;

(I) take-off and landing crosswind and downwind.

(xvi) Exercise 10: Transitions from hover to climb and approach to
hover:

(A) look-out;

(B) revise take-off and landing;

(D) flapback and its effects;

(E) effect of wind speed and direction during transitions from or to
the hover;

(F) the constant angle approach;

(G) demonstration of variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xvii) Exercise 11a: Circuit, approach and landing:

(A) revise transitions from hover to climb and approach to hover;

(B) circuit procedures, downwind and base leg;

(D) pre-landing checks;

(E) effect of wind on approach and IGE hover

(F) crosswind approach and landing;

(G) go-around;

(H) noise abatement procedures.

(xviii) Exercise 11b: Steep and limited power approaches and
landings:

(A) revise the constant angle approach;

(B) the steep approach (explain danger of high sink rate and low air
speed);

(D) use of the ground effect;

(E) variable flare simulated engine off landing.

(xix) Exercise 11c: Emergency procedures:

(A) abandoned take-off;

(B) missed approach and go-around;

(D) tail rotor control or tail rotor drive failure (briefing only);

(E) simulated emergencies in the circuit to include:

(F) hydraulics failure;

(G) simulated engine failure on take-off, crosswind, downwind and
base leg;

(H) governor failure.

(xx) Exercise 12: First solo:

(A) instructor’s briefing, observation of flight and debriefing;

(B) warn of change of attitude from reduced and laterally displaced
weight;

(D) warn of dangers of loss of RRPM and overpitching;

(E) pre-take-off checks;

(F) into wind take-off;

(G) procedures during and after take-off;

(H) normal circuit, approaches and landings;

(I) action if an emergency.

(xxi) Exercise 13: Sideways and backwards hover manoeuvring:

(A) manoeuvring sideways flight heading into wind;

(B) manoeuvring backwards flight heading into wind;

(D) manoeuvring sideways and backwards, heading out of wind;

(E) stability and weather cocking;

(F) recovery from backwards manoeuvring, (pitch nose down);

(G) groundspeed limitations for sideways and backwards manoeuvring.

(xxii) Exercise 14: Spot turns:

(A) revise hovering into wind and downwind;

(B) turn on spot through 360°:

(a) around pilots position;

(b) around tail rotor;

(d) square and safe visibility clearing turn.

(xxiii) Exercise 15: Hover OGE – Vortex ring— unanticipated yaw
(LTE):

(A) establishing hover OGE;

(B) drift, height or power control;

(D) Demonstration of unanticipated yaw which could lead to a
perceived loss of tail rotor effectiveness (LTE).

(xxiv) Exercise 16: Simulated EOL:

(A) the effect of weight, disc loading, density attitude and RRPM
decay;

(B) revise basic autorotation entry;

(D) variable flare simulated EOL;

(E) demonstrate constant attitude simulated EOL;

(F) demonstrate simulated EOL from hover or hover taxi;

(G) demonstrate simulated EOL from transition and low level.

(xxv) Exercise 17: Advanced autorotation:

(A) over a selected point at various height and speed;

(B) revise basic autorotation: note ground distance covered;

(D) low speed autorotation;

(E) constant attitude autorotation (terminate at safe altitude);

(F) ‘S’ turns;

(G) turns through 180° and 360°;

(H) effects on angles of descent, IAS, RRPM and effect of AUM.

(xxvi) Exercise 18: Practice forced landings:

(A) procedure and choice of the forced landing area;

(B) forced landing checks and crash action;

(xxvii) Exercise 19: Steep turns:

(A) steep (level) turns (30° bank);

(B) maximum rate turns (45° bank if possible);

(D) faults in the turn: balance, attitude, bank and coordination;

(E) RRPM control and disc loading;

(F) vibration and control feedback;

(G) effect of wind at low level.

(xxviii)Exercise 20: Transitions:

(A) revise ground effect, translational lift and flapback;

(B) maintaining constant height, (20–30 ft AGL):

(D) demonstrate effect of wind.

(xxix) Exercise 21: Quick stops:

(A) use of power and controls;

(B) effect of wind;

(D) quick stops from crosswind and downwind terminating into wind;

(E) awareness of the danger of vortex ring;

(F) danger of high disc loading.

(xxx) Exercise 22a: Navigation:

(A) Flight planning:

(a) weather forecast and actuals;

(b) map selection and preparation and use:

(1) choice of route;

(2) controlled airspace, danger and prohibited areas;

(3) safety altitudes and noise abatement considerations.

(1) magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route;

(2) fuel consumption;

(3) mass and balance.

(d) flight information:

(1) NOTAMs, etc.;

(2) radio frequencies;

(3) selection of alternate landing sites.

(e) helicopter documentation;

(f) notification of the flight:

(1) pre-flight administrative procedures;

(2) flight plan form (where appropriate).

(B) Departure:

(a) organisation of cockpit workload;

(b) departure procedures:

(1) altimeter settings;

(2) ATC liaison in regulated airspace;

(3) setting heading procedure;

(4) noting of ETAs.

(d) revisions of ETA and heading:

(1) 10° line, double track, track error and closing angle;

(2) 1 in 60 rule;

(3) amending an ETA.

(e) log keeping;

(f) use of radio;

(g) minimum weather conditions for continuation of flight;

(h) in-flight decisions;

(i) transiting controlled or regulated airspace;

(j) uncertainty of position procedure;

(k) lost procedure.

(a) ATC liaison in regulated airspace;

(b) altimeter setting;

(d) circuit procedures;

(e) parking;

(f) security of helicopter;

(g) refuelling;

(h) closing of flight plan, (if appropriate);

(i) post-flight administrative procedures.

(xxxi) Exercise 22b: Navigation problems at low heights and in
reduced visibility:

(A) actions before descending;

(B) hazards (for example obstacles and other aircraft);

(D) effects of wind and turbulence;

(E) avoidance of noise-sensitive areas;

(F) actions in case of DVE;

(G) decision to divert or make a precautionary landing;

(H) bad-weather circuit and landing;

(I) appropriate procedures and choice of landing area;

(J) precautionary landing.

(xxxii) Exercise 22c:
Radio navigation (basics):

(A) Use of GNNS or VOR/NDB:

(a) selection of waypoints;

(b) to or from indications or orientation;

(B) Use of VHF/DF:

(a) availability, AIP and frequencies;

(b) R/T procedures and ATC liaison;

(a) availability and AIP;

(b) procedures and ATC liaison;

(d) secondary
surveillance radar:

(1) transponders;

(2) code selection;

(3) interrogation and reply.

(xxxiii) Exercise 23: Advanced take-off, landings and transitions:

(A) landing and take-off out of wind (performance reduction);

(B) ground effect, translational lift and directional stability
variation when out of wind;

(D) vertical take-off over obstacles;

(E) reconnaissance of landing site;

(F) running landing;

(G) zero speed landing;

(H) crosswind and downwind landings;

(I) steep approach;

(J) go-around.

(xxxiv) Exercise 24: Sloping ground:

(A) limitations and assessing slope angle;

(B) wind and slope relationship: blade and control stops;

(D) ground effect on slope and power required;

(E) right skid up slope;

(F) left skid up slope;

(G) nose up slope;

(H) avoidance of dynamic roll over, dangers soft ground and sideways
movement on touchdown;

(I) danger of striking main or tail rotor by harsh control movement
near ground.

(xxxv) Exercise 25: Limited power:

(A) take-off power check;

(B) vertical take-off over obstacles;

(D) running landing;

(E) zero speed landing;

(F) approach to low hover;

(G) approach to hover;

(H) approach to hover OGE;

(I) steep approach;

(J) go-around.

(xxxvi) Exercise 26: Confined areas:

(A) landing capability and performance assessment;

(B) locating landing site and assessing wind speed and direction;

(D) select markers;

(E) select direction and type of approach;

(F) circuit;

(G) approach to committed point and go-around;

(H) approach;

(I) clearing turn;

(J) landing;

(K) power check and performance assessment in and OGE;

(L) normal take-off to best angle of climb speed;

(M) vertical take-off from hover.

Compare / EASA/ Incorporated Amendments/ Compare & Highlight Differences

AMC2 FCL.115 LAPL -- Training course

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