PPL(A)

PPL(H)

1.

Air law and ATC procedures

X

X

2.

Human performance

X

X

3.

Meteorology

X

X

4.

Communications

X

X

5.

Principles of flight

See below

See below

6.

Operational procedures

See below

See below

7.

Flight performance and planning

See below

See below

8.

Aircraft general knowledge

See below

See below

9.

Navigation

X

X

5.

Principles of flight – gyroplanes

GPL

5.1.

Forces acting on a gyroplane

Weight, lift, thrust and drag

X

Centre of gravity (CG)

X

Mass, gravitational force and weight

X

Blade loading and disc loading

X

5.2.

Aerofoils / rotor blades

Aerofoil lift, the Bernoulli principle, boundary layers and streamline flow

X

Turbulent flow, separation points and aerofoil stalls

X

Dynamic pressure

X

Density of the air

X

Relative airflow and chord lines

X

Angle of attack, total reaction, lift and drag

X

Aerofoil shapes

X

Centre of pressure

X

Coefficient of lift versus angle of attack

X

5.3.

Drag

Fuselage drag – air resistance

X

Induced drag

X

Parasite drag, profile drag, form, skin friction and interference

X

Span, chord and aspect ratio

X

Total drag (graph)

X

Lift–drag ratio

X

5.4.

Propellers

Airflow and the helix

X

Fixed-pitch propellers

X

Variable-pitch propellers

X

Slipstream effect on the tail section

X

Offset rudder considerations

X

5.5.

Engine torque

Rolling effect with power

X

5.6.

Stability in the air

Positive dynamic stability, neutral dynamic stability and negative dynamic stability

X

Thrust line

X

5.7.

Stability on the ground

Undercarriage design

X

High CG

X

Forces in a turn

X

5.8.

Graph of power required

Power available

X

Power required

X

Maximum endurance speed

X

Maximum range speed

X

5.9.

Height/velocity considerations – gyroplanes

Height/velocity curve

X

5.10.

Rotor dynamics

Components of a rotor

X

Autorotation forces

X

Driven, driving and stalled regions of a blade/disc

X

Coning angle

X

Blade pattern

X

Blade tracking

X

Blade balancing

X

Underslung rotors

X

Dissymmetry of lift

X

Teetering to equality

X

Conservation of angular momentum and the effect on rotor revolutions per minute

X

6.

Operational procedures

GPL

6.1

General

Operation of aircraft: ICAO Annex 6 – general requirements

Definitions

X

Applicability

X

6.2

Special operational procedures and hazards (general aspects)

X

Noise abatement

Noise abatement procedures

X

Influence of the flight procedure (departure, cruise and approach)

X

Runway incursion awareness (meaning of surface markings and signals)

X

Fire or smoke

Carburettor fire

X

Engine fire

X

Fire in the cabin and cockpit (choice of extinguishing agents according to fire classification and use of extinguishers)

X

Smoke in the cockpit (effects and action to be taken) and smoke in the cockpit and cabin (effects and action to be taken)

X

Windshear and microburst

Effects and recognition during departure and approach

X

Actions to avoid and actions to be taken when encountered

X

Wake turbulence

Cause

X

List of relevant parameters

X

Actions taken when crossing traffic and during take-off and landing

X

6.3

Emergency and precautionary landings

Definition

X

Cause

X

Passenger information

X

Evacuation

X

Action to be taken after landing

X

7.

Flight performance and planning

GPL

7.1.

Mass and balance – gyroplanes

Purpose of mass and balance considerations

Mass limitations

Importance with regard to structural limitations

X

Importance with regard to performance limitations

X

CG limitations

Importance with regard to stability and controllability

X

Importance with regard to performance

X

Loading

Terminology

Mass terms

X

Load terms (including fuel terms)

X

Mass limits

Structural limitations

X

Performance limitations

X

Baggage compartment limitations

X

Mass calculations

Maximum masses for take-off and landing

X

Use of standard masses for passengers, baggage and crew

X

Fundamentals of CG calculations

Definition of CG

X

Conditions of equilibrium (balance of forces and balance of moments)

X

Basic CG calculations

X

Mass and balance details of aircraft

Contents of mass and balance documentation

Datum and moment arm

X

CG position as distance from datum

X

Extraction of basic mass and balance data from aircraft documentation

BEM

X

CG position or moment at BEM

X

Deviations from standard configuration

X

Determination of CG position

Methods

Arithmetic method

X

Graphic method

X

Load and trim sheets

General considerations

X

Load sheet and CG envelope for light aeroplanes and for helicopters

X

7.2.

Flight planning and flight monitoring

Flight planning for VFR flights

VFR navigation plan

Routes, airfields, heights and altitudes from VFR charts

X

Courses and distances from VFR charts

X

Aerodrome charts and aerodrome directory

X

Communications and radio navigation planning data

X

Completion of navigation plan

X

Fuel planning

General knowledge

X

Pre-flight calculation of fuel required

Calculation of extra fuel

X

Completion of the fuel section of the navigation plan (fuel log) and calculation of total fuel

X

Pre-flight preparation

AIP and NOTAM briefing

Ground facilities and services

X

Departure, destination and alternate aerodromes

X

Airway routings and airspace structure

X

Meteorological briefing

Extraction and analysis of relevant data from meteorological documents

X

ICAO flight plan (ATS flight plan)

Individual flight plan

Format of the flight plan

X

Completion of the flight plan

X

Submission of the flight plan

X

Flight monitoring and in-flight replanning

Flight monitoring

Monitoring of track and time

X

In-flight fuel management

X

In-flight replanning in the event of deviation from the planned data

X

7.3.

Performance – gyroplanes

Introduction

Stages of flight

X

Effect of gyroplane mass, wind, altitude, runway slope and runway conditions

X

Gradients

X

SP gyroplanes

Definitions of terms and speeds

X

Take-off and landing performance

Use of gyroplane flight manual data

X

Climb and cruise performance

Use of aeroplane flight data

X

Effect of density, altitude and gyroplane mass

X

Endurance and effects of the different recommended power or thrust settings

X

Still air range with various power or thrust settings

X

8.

Aircraft general knowledge – gyroplanes

GPL

8.1.

Envelope, airframe and systems, electrics, power plant and emergency equipment

Main components of a gyroplane

X

Fuselage, doors, floor, windscreen and windows

X

Keel and mast

X

Rotorhead components and functionality

X

Tail components and functionality

X

Trim mechanisms

X

Pre-rotation mechanisms

X

Undercarriage, wheels, brakes and tyres

X

Piston engines

X

Principle of a two-stroke engine

X

Principle of a four-stroke engine

X

Fuel

X

Carburettor

X

Carburettor icing

X

Fuel injection

X

Air cooling

X

Water cooling

X

Lubrication systems

X

Ignition circuits

X

Electrics

X

Battery

X

Alternator

X

Generator

X

AC/DC

X

Circuit breakers

X

Propellers

X

Hydraulics

X

Pneumatics

X

8.2.

Instrumentation

Static pressure

X

Dynamic pressure

X

Altimeter

X

Vertical speed indicator

X

ASI

X

Magnetic compass

X

Temperature senders

X

Rotor rpm mechanism

X

Exhaust gas sensors

X

GPS

X