Subtopic NAVB 1.1 — Application of units of measurement

BASIC
NAVB

1.1.1

Apply the units of measurement appropriate to navigation.

3

Subtopic NAVB 1.2 — Purpose and use of navigation

BASIC
NAVB

1.2.1

Explain the need for navigation in aviation.

2

BASIC
NAVB

1.2.2

Characterise navigation methods.

2

Optional content: historical overview, celestial, on-board, radio, satellites

Subtopic NAVB 2.1 — Place and movement of the Earth

BASIC
NAVB

2.1.1

Explain the Earth’s properties and their effects.

2

Optional content: form, size, rotation, revolution in space, seasons, day, night, twilight, units of time, time zones, UTC

Subtopic NAVB 2.2 — System of coordinates, direction and distance

BASIC
NAVB

2.2.1

Characterise the general principles of a grid system.

2

Optional content: degrees, minutes, seconds, WGS-84, latitude/longitude

BASIC
NAVB

2.2.2

Explain direction and distance on a globe.

2

Optional content: great circle, small circle, rhumb line, cardinal points, intercardinal points

BASIC
NAVB

2.2.3

Estimate position on the Earth’s surface.

3

Optional content: latitude/longitude

BASIC
NAVB

2.2.4

Estimate distance and direction between two points.

3

BASIC

NAVB

2.2.5

State the reference system used in aviation.

1

WGS 84

Optional content: impact of alternative

reference models

Subtopic NAVB 2.3 — Magnetism

BASIC
NAVB

2.3.1

Explain the general principles of the Earth’s magnetism.

2

True North, magnetic North, variation, deviation, inclination, declination

BASIC
NAVB

2.3.2

Calculate conversions between the three north designations.

3

True North, magnetic North, compass North

Subtopic NAVB 2.1 — Place and movement of the Earth

BASIC
NAVB

2.1.1

Explain the Earth’s properties and their effects.

2

Form, size, rotation, revolution in space, seasons, day, night, twilight, units of time, time zones, UTC

Subtopic NAVB 2.2 — System of coordinates, direction and distance

BASIC
NAVB

2.2.1

Characterise the general principles of a grid system.

2

Latitude/longitude, degrees, minutes, seconds

BASIC
NAVB

2.2.2

Explain direction and distance on a globe.

2

Optional content: great circle, small circle, rhumb line, cardinal points, intercardinal points

BASIC
NAVB

2.2.3

Estimate position on the Earth’s surface.

3

Latitude/longitude

BASIC

NAVB

2.2.4

State the reference system used in aviation.

1

WGS 84

Optional content: impact of alternative

reference models

Subtopic NAVB 2.3 — Magnetism

BASIC
NAVB

2.3.1

Explain the general principles of the Earth’s magnetism.

2

True north, magnetic north, variation, deviation, inclination, declination

BASIC
NAVB

2.3.2

Calculate conversions between the three north designations.

3

True north, magnetic north, compass north

Subtopic NAVB 3.1 — Map making and projections

BASIC
NAVB

3.1.1

State how the Earth is projected to create a map.

1

Types of projection

BASIC
NAVB

3.1.2

Describe the properties of a map.

2

Projection, scale

BASIC
NAVB

3.1.3

Describe the properties of an ideal map.

2

Optional content: conformality, constant scale, true azimuth, rhumb lines and great circles

BASIC
NAVB

3.1.4

State the properties and use of different projections.

1

Optional content: Lambert, Mercator, stereographic

Subtopic NAVB 3.2 — Maps and charts used in aviation

BASIC
NAVB

3.2.1

Differentiate between the various maps and charts.

2

BASIC
NAVB

3.2.2

State the specific use of various maps and charts.

1

BASIC
NAVB

3.2.3

Decode symbols and information displayed on maps and charts.

3

Optional content: topographical features, NAV aids, fixes, fly over and fly by waypoints, etc.

Subtopic NAVB 3.1 — Maps and charts used in aviation

BASIC
NAVB

3.1.1

Differentiate between the various maps and charts.

2

AIP

BASIC
NAVB

3.1.2

State the specific use of various maps and charts.

1

BASIC
NAVB

3.1.3

Decode symbols and information displayed on maps and charts.

3

Optional content: chart scale, topographical features, NAV aids, fixes, fly-over and fly-by waypoints, display of true north, magnetic north, variation, etc.

Subtopic NAVB 4.1 — Influence of wind

BASIC
NAVB

4.1.1

Appreciate the influence of wind on the flight path.

3

Heading, track, drift, wind vector

Optional content: triangle of velocities

Subtopic NAVB 4.2 — Speed

BASIC
NAVB

4.2.1

Explain the relationship between various speeds used in aviation.

2

True air speed, ground speed, indicated air speed (including Mach number)

BASIC
NAVB

4.2.2

Appreciate the use of various speeds in ATC.

3

Subtopic NAVB 4.3 — Visual navigation

BASIC
NAVB

4.3.1

Describe visual navigation.

2

Map reading, visual reference

BASIC

NAVB

4.3.2

State the cases where visual navigation is primarily used in commercial aviation.

1

Approach and landing, taxiing

Optional content: visual aids

Subtopic NAVB 4.4 — Navigational aspects of flight planning

BASIC
NAVB

4.4.1

Describe the navigational aspects affecting flight planning.

2

Optional content: fuel/time calculations, minimum altitudes, alternative routes, weather conditions, ICAO Flight Plan (Item 18 use)

Subtopic NAVB 5.1 — Ground-based systems

BASIC
NAVB

5.1.1

Explain the basic working principles of ground-based systems.

2

VDF, NDB, VOR, DME, ILS

Optional content: TACAN

BASIC
NAVB

5.1.2

State the use of ground-based systems.

1

VDF, NDB, VOR, DME, ILS

Optional content: TACAN

BASIC
NAVB

5.1.3

Characterise the main radio navigation techniques based on ground-based systems.

2

Area navigation, conventional navigation

Optional content: homing, inbound/ outbound tracking, instrument approach procedures, holding, drift assessment

BASIC
NAVB

5.1.4

Explain the accuracy and limitations of ground-based systems.

2

VDF, NDB, VOR, DME, ILS

Optional content: TACAN

Subtopic NAVB 5.2 — Inertial navigation systems

BASIC
NAVB

5.2.1

Explain the basic working principles, precision and limitations of on-board systems.

2

Optional content: INS/IRS

BASIC
NAVB

5.2.2

State the use of on-board systems.

1

Subtopic NAVB 5.3 — Satellite-based systems

BASIC
NAVB

5.3.1

Explain the basic working principles of a satellite positioning system.

2

Optional content: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou

BASIC
NAVB

5.3.2

State the basic principles of GNSS concept.

1

Basic, ABAS, SBAS, GBAS

Optional content: core constellations, MCMF, integrity, RAIM, accuracy improvement, geometric altitude accuracy

BASIC
NAVB

5.3.3

Explain the limitations of satellite-based systems.

2

GPS, Galileo

Optional content: GLONASS, Beidou, integrity, GPS NOTAMs

Subtopic NAVB 5.4 — Instrument approach procedures

BASIC
NAVB

5.4.1

Recognise various types of instrument approach using aeronautical charts.

1

Precision Approach (PA), Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance (APV), Non-Precision Approach (NPA)

BASIC
NAVB

5.4.2

Differentiate between precision approach and non-precision approach procedures.

2

BASIC
NAVB

5.4.3

Recognise the different minima used during an instrument approach.

1

BASIC
NAVB

5.4.4

Define the terms appropriate to instrument approach minima.

1

OCA/OCH, MDA/MDH and DA/DH

BASIC
NAVB

5.4.5

List the instrumental approach fixes.

1

IAF, IF, FAF, FAP, MAPt

Subtopic NAVB 5.1 — Ground-based systems

BASIC
NAVB

5.1.1

Explain the basic working principles of ground-based systems.

2

VOR, DME, ILS

Optional content: VDF, NDB, TACAN

BASIC
NAVB

5.1.2

State the use of ground-based systems.

1

VOR, DME, ILS

Optional content: VDF, NDB, TACAN

BASIC
NAVB

5.1.3

Characterise the main radio navigation techniques based on ground-based systems.

2

Area navigation, conventional navigation

Optional content: homing, inbound/ outbound tracking, instrument approach procedures, holding, drift assessment

BASIC
NAVB

5.1.4

Explain the accuracy and limitations of ground-based systems.

2

VDF, NDB, VOR, DME, ILS

Optional content: TACAN

Subtopic NAVB 5.2 — Inertial navigation systems

BASIC
NAVB

5.2.1

Explain the basic working principles, precision and limitations of on-board systems.

2

Optional content: INS/IRS

BASIC
NAVB

5.2.2

State the use of on-board systems.

1

Subtopic NAVB 5.3 — Satellite-based systems

BASIC
NAVB

5.3.1

Explain the basic working principles of a satellite positioning system.

2

Optional content: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou

BASIC
NAVB

5.3.2

State the basic principles of the GNSS concept.

1

Basic, ABAS, SBAS, GBAS

Optional content: core constellations, MCMF, integrity, RAIM, accuracy improvement, geometric altitude accuracy

BASIC
NAVB

5.3.3

Explain the limitations of satellite-based systems.

2

GPS, Galileo

Optional content: GLONASS, Beidou, integrity, GPS NOTAMs

Subtopic NAVB 5.4 — Instrument approach procedures

BASIC
NAVB

5.4.1

Recognise various types of instrument approach using aeronautical charts.

1

Precision Approach (PA), Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance (APV), Non-Precision Approach (NPA)

BASIC
NAVB

5.4.2

Differentiate between precision approach and non-precision approach procedures.

2

Optional content: 2D/3D operations

BASIC
NAVB

5.4.3

Recognise the different minima used during an instrument approach.

1

BASIC
NAVB

5.4.4

Define the terms appropriate to instrument approach minima.

1

OCA/OCH, MDA/MDH and DA/DH

BASIC
NAVB

5.4.5

List the instrument approach fixes.

1

IAF, IF, FAF, FAP, MAPt

Subtopic NAVB 6.1 — Principles and benefits of area navigation

BASIC
NAVB

6.1.1

Explain the basic principles of area navigation.

2

Optional content: Requirement for navigation computer, suitable sensors, ICAO Doc 9613

BASIC
NAVB

6.1.2

State the benefits of area navigation.

1

Optional content: ICAO Doc 9613

BASIC
NAVB

6.1.3

State the effects of navigational performance accuracy of RNAV systems on the flight.

1

TSE, PDE, NSE, FTE

Optional content: high-quality data,
ICAO Doc 9613

BASIC
NAVB

6.1.4

Characterise the main aircraft and avionics functionalities used in area navigation.

2

Optional content: database, fly over and fly by waypoints transitions, managed turns (RF and FRT) path terminators, parallel offset, autopilot/flight director (AP/FD)

BASIC
NAVB

6.1.5

Characterise the navigational functions of FMS.

2

Optional content: VNAV, LNAV

Subtopic NAVB 6.2 — Introduction to PBN

BASIC
NAVB

6.2.1

State the general concept of PBN.

1

Components of PBN

Optional content: key enabler,
ICAO Doc 9613

BASIC
NAVB

6.2.2

Differentiate between RNAV and RNP.

2

On-board performance monitoring and alerting

Optional content: different generations of aircraft and on-board systems

BASIC
NAVB

6.2.3

State the navigation infrastructure that may be used in PBN.

1

VOR, DME, GNSS

Optional content: functionality IRS/INS

BASIC
NAVB

6.2.4

State the benefits of PBN concept. 

1

Optional content: global interoperability, limited number of navigation specifications, the PBN concept enables continuous descent operations (CDO) and continuous climb operations (CCO)

BASIC

NAVB

6.2.5

List the navigation specifications and the phases of flight they are applicable to.

1

RNAV 10, RNAV 5, RNAV 2, RNAV 1, RNP 4, RNP 2, RNP 1, RNP 0.3, A-RNP, RNP APCH and RNP AR APCH

Optional content: ICAO Doc 9613

Subtopic NAVB 6.3 — PBN applications

BASIC
NAVB

6.3.1

State the navigation applications used in Europe.

1

RNAV 5, RNAV 1, RNP 1 with RF, RNP 0.3, RNP APCH

Optional content: PCP (Regulation (EU) No 716/2014^[48])

(AF #1, AF #3), PBN(Regulation (EU) 2018/1048)^[49]

Subtopic NAVB 6.1 — Principles and benefits of area navigation

BASIC
NAVB

6.1.1

Explain the basic principles of area navigation.

2

Optional content: requirement for navigation computer, suitable sensors, ICAO Doc 9613

BASIC
NAVB

6.1.2

State the benefits of area navigation.

1

Optional content: ICAO Doc 9613

BASIC
NAVB

6.1.3

State the effects of navigational performance accuracy of RNAV systems on the flight.

1

TSE, PDE, NSE, FTE

Optional content: high-quality data,
ICAO Doc 9613

BASIC
NAVB

6.1.4

Characterise the main aircraft and avionics functionalities used in area navigation.

2

Optional content: database, fly-over and fly-by waypoints transitions, managed turns (RF and FRT) path terminators, parallel offset, autopilot/flight director (AP/FD)

BASIC
NAVB

6.1.5

Characterise the navigational functions of FMS.

2

Optional content: VNAV, LNAV

Subtopic NAVB 6.2 — Introduction to PBN

BASIC
NAVB

6.2.1

State the general concept of PBN.

1

Components of PBN

Optional content: key enabler,
ICAO Doc 9613

BASIC
NAVB

6.2.2

Differentiate between RNAV and RNP.

2

On-board performance monitoring and alerting

Optional content: different generations of aircraft and on-board systems

BASIC
NAVB

6.2.3

State the navigation infrastructure that may be used in PBN.

1

VOR, DME, GNSS

Optional content: functionality IRS/INS

BASIC
NAVB

6.2.4

State the benefits of the PBN concept. 

1

Optional content: global interoperability, limited number of navigation specifications, the PBN concept enables continuous descent operations (CDO) and continuous climb operations (CCO)

BASIC

NAVB

6.2.5

List the navigation specifications and the phases of flight they are applicable to.

1

RNAV 10, RNAV 5, RNAV 2, RNAV 1, RNP 4, RNP 2, RNP 1, RNP 0.3, A-RNP, RNP APCH and RNP AR APCH

Optional content: ICAO Doc 9613

Subtopic NAVB 6.3 — PBN applications

BASIC
NAVB

6.3.1

State the navigation applications used in Europe.

1

RNAV 5, RNAV 1, RNP 1 with RF, RNP 0.3, RNP APCH

Optional content: PCP (Regulation (EU) No 716/2014^[50])

(AF #1, AF #3), PBN (Regulation (EU) 2018/1048)^[51]

Subtopic NAVB 7.1 — Future developments

BASIC
NAVB

7.1.1

State future developments in navigation.

1

Optional content: 3D VNAV outside FA, trajectory-based operations