AMC2 ORO.FC.146 Personnel providing training, checking and assessment

• ED Decision 2022/014/R found in: Air Operations (No 965/2012) Part-ARO Part-ORO Part-CAT Part-SPA Part-NCC Part-NCO Part-SPO (Feb 2025)

AMC2 ORO.FC.146 Personnel providing training, checking and assessment ED Decision 2022/014/R FLIGHT CREW CRM TRAINER (a) Applicability The provisions described herein: (1) should be fulfilled by flight crew CRM trainers responsible for classroom CRM training; and (2) are not applicable to: (i) instructors, holding a certificate in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241), when conducting CRM training in the operational environment; and (ii) trainers or instructors when conducting training other than CRM training, but integrating CRM elements into this training. (b) Qualification of a flight crew CRM trainer (1) Prerequisites. A flight crew CRM trainer should: (i) have adequate knowledge of human performance and limitations (HPL), whilst: (A) having obtained a commercial pilot licence in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241); or (B) having followed a theoretical HPL course covering the whole syllabus of the HPL examination; (ii) have completed flight crew initial operator’s CRM training; (iii) have received training in group facilitation skills; except for instructors holding a certificate in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241). (2) In order to qualify as flight crew CRM trainer, a person meeting the prerequisites should: (i) have adequate knowledge of the relevant flight operations at one operator, in accordance with (d); (ii) receive the initial training in accordance with (c)(3); and (iii) be assessed by that operator in accordance with (f). (3) In order to act as flight crew CRM trainer at an operator, a qualified and current flight crew CRM trainer should meet one of the following conditions: (i) have adequate knowledge of the relevant flight operations at that operator, in accordance with (d); or (ii) be part of a team of trainers in accordance with (e). (4) The period of validity of the flight crew CRM trainer qualification should be 3 years. (5) Recency and renewal of the flight crew CRM trainer qualification (i) The flight crew CRM trainer should complete CRM trainer refresher training within the last 12 months of the 3-year validity period; and (ii) The flight crew CRM trainer should meet one or both of the following conditions: (A) conduct at least 3 CRM training events within the 3-year validity period; (B) be assessed within the last 12 months of the 3-year validity period in accordance with (f); and (iii) If the flight crew CRM trainer qualification has expired, it can be renewed if all of the conditions below are met. The validity should be 3 years after completion of (A) and (C) below, whichever comes first: (A) complete CRM trainer refresher training; (B) receive refresher training on knowledge of the relevant flight operations, as necessary; (C) be assessed in accordance with (f). (c) Training of flight crew CRM trainer (1) If the operator trains flight crew CRM trainers, the training syllabi should be described in the operations manual. The operator should ensure that the initial and refresher training of the flight crew CRM trainers are conducted by flight crew CRM trainers with a minimum of 3 years of experience. (2) Training of flight crew CRM trainers should be both theoretical and practical. Practical elements should include the development of specific trainer skills, particularly the integration of CRM into line operations. (3) The initial training of flight crew CRM trainers should include the following: (i) introduction to CRM training and competencies for CRM trainers: (A) ability to interact with and manage a group; (B) ability to pre-plan an objective and timely training session; (C) ability to deliver a good balance of ‘telling’, ‘selling’ and ‘facilitating’; (D) ability to connect realistically poor and good CRM to the operations; (E) ability to assess the performance, the progress and needs of trainees in a meaningfully way; (ii) operator’s management system as defined in point (a)(7) of [AMC1 ORO.FC.115](#_DxCrossRefBm927677954); and (iii) characteristics of the flight crew CRM training as defined in Table 1 of [AMC1 ORO.FC.115](#_DxCrossRefBm927677954) and its integration into line operations: (A) the different types of CRM trainings (initial, recurrent, etc.); (B) combined training; and (C) training related to the type of aircraft or operation. Instructors holding a certificate in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241) may be credited towards (i) and (ii) if they have completed the refresher training defined in (4). (4) The refresher training of flight crew CRM trainers should include new methodologies, procedures and lessons learned, as well as additional topics such as the following: (i) Group facilitation skills including team dynamics, moderation skills and use of questions (ii) Course preparation, defining objectives and selecting methods to best convey knowledge (e.g. lecture, group work, case analysis, gamification, scenario-based training, individual research) (iii) Safety culture and management systems (iv) An example of an analysis of CRM factors in an accident or serious incident. (v) New developments or research in human factors and CRM (vi) TEM principles and their practical implementation in normal operations (5) Instructors, holding a certificate in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241), who are also CRM trainers, may combine the CRM trainer refresher training with instructor refresher training if the instructor refresher training meets all of the conditions defined in (4). (6) Instructors for other-than complex motor-powered aeroplanes should be qualified as flight crew CRM trainers for this aircraft category with no additional training, as specified in (3) and (4) when: (i) holding a certificate in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241); and (ii) fulfilling the provisions of (b)(2) or (b)(5). (d) Knowledge of the relevant flight operations (1) The operator should evaluate the experience and knowledge of the flight crew CRM trainer. The evaluation of the operator should include at least: (i) the operational experience of the flight crew CRM trainer as a flight crew member; (ii) whether this experience as a flight crew member or a former flight crew member covers the aircraft category, the aircraft generation and the form of operations, as relevant to the operator. (2) If the flight crew CRM trainer does not have the relevant knowledge of the relevant flight operation based on the evaluation in (1), the operator should provide training to the flight crew CRM trainer to provide the adequate knowledge. (3) The operator should describe the assessment and training in the operations manual. (e) Team of CRM trainers If the flight crew CRM trainer is qualified in accordance with (b) but does not meet the conditions defined in (d), he or she may be assisted by a training assistant that has the knowledge of the relevant flight operations. The operator should ensure that all the following conditions are met: (1) The training assistant should meet the condition defined in (c) but needs not meet the conditions defined in (b). The training assistant should be an instructor or have experience in ground training. (2) The flight crew CRM trainer and the training assistant should prepare the training session together and adapt it to the operational needs of the operator. (3) If the flight crew CRM trainer and the training assistant have already provided training for the operator or for a similar operator, the operator may determine that condition (2) is met. (4) The flight crew CRM trainer and the training assistant should provide the training together. (5) The flight crew CRM trainer remains responsible for the training. (f) Assessment of a flight crew CRM trainer (1) The operator should ensure that the process for the assessment is included in the operations manual describing methods for observing, recording, interpreting and debriefing the flight crew CRM trainer. All personnel involved in the assessment must be credible and competent in their role. (2) The assessment should enable the flight crew CRM trainer to demonstrate the knowledge and ability to train the CRM training elements in the non-operational environment. Special attention should be given to fields such as group management, group dynamics and personal awareness. (3) The initial assessment of a flight crew CRM trainer by the operator may take place when conducting their first CRM training course. (4) The assessment of flight crew CRM trainers should be conducted by flight crew CRM trainers with a minimum of 3 years of experience. (g) The operator should only select a qualified and current flight crew CRM trainer meeting the conditions defined in (d) or (e). AMC2 ORO.FC.146 Personnel providing training, checking and assessment ED Decision 2022/014/R FLIGHT CREW CRM TRAINER (a) Applicability The provisions described herein: (1) should be fulfilled by flight crew CRM trainers responsible for classroom CRM training; and (2) are not applicable to: (i) instructors, holding a certificate in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241), when conducting CRM training in the operational environment; and (ii) trainers or instructors when conducting training other than CRM training, but integrating CRM elements into this training. (b) Qualification of a flight crew CRM trainer (1) Prerequisites. A flight crew CRM trainer should: (i) have adequate knowledge of human performance and limitations (HPL), whilst: (A) having obtained a commercial pilot licence in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241); or (B) having followed a theoretical HPL course covering the whole syllabus of the HPL examination; (ii) have completed flight crew initial operator’s CRM training; (iii) have received training in group facilitation skills; except for instructors holding a certificate in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241). (2) In order to qualify as flight crew CRM trainer, a person meeting the prerequisites should: (i) have adequate knowledge of the relevant flight operations at one operator, in accordance with (d); (ii) receive the initial training in accordance with (c)(3); and (iii) be assessed by that operator in accordance with (f). (3) In order to act as flight crew CRM trainer at an operator, a qualified and current flight crew CRM trainer should meet one of the following conditions: (i) have adequate knowledge of the relevant flight operations at that operator, in accordance with (d); or (ii) be part of a team of trainers in accordance with (e). (4) The period of validity of the flight crew CRM trainer qualification should be 3 years. (5) Recency and renewal of the flight crew CRM trainer qualification (i) The flight crew CRM trainer should complete CRM trainer refresher training within the last 12 months of the 3-year validity period; and (ii) The flight crew CRM trainer should meet one or both of the following conditions: (A) conduct at least 3 CRM training events within the 3-year validity period; (B) be assessed within the last 12 months of the 3-year validity period in accordance with (f); and (iii) If the flight crew CRM trainer qualification has expired, it can be renewed if all of the conditions below are met. The validity should be 3 years after completion of (A) and (C) below, whichever comes first: (A) complete CRM trainer refresher training; (B) receive refresher training on knowledge of the relevant flight operations, as necessary; (C) be assessed in accordance with (f). (c) Training of flight crew CRM trainer (1) If the operator trains flight crew CRM trainers, the training syllabi should be described in the operations manual. The operator should ensure that the initial and refresher training of the flight crew CRM trainers are conducted by flight crew CRM trainers with a minimum of 3 years of experience. (2) Training of flight crew CRM trainers should be both theoretical and practical. Practical elements should include the development of specific trainer skills, particularly the integration of CRM into line operations. (3) The initial training of flight crew CRM trainers should include the following: (i) introduction to CRM training and competencies for CRM trainers: (A) ability to interact with and manage a group; (B) ability to pre-plan an objective and timely training session; (C) ability to deliver a good balance of ‘telling’, ‘selling’ and ‘facilitating’; (D) ability to connect realistically poor and good CRM to the operations; (E) ability to assess the performance, the progress and needs of trainees in a meaningfully way; (ii) operator’s management system as defined in point (a)(7) of [AMC1 ORO.FC.115](#_DxCrossRefBm318085582); and (iii) characteristics of the flight crew CRM training as defined in Table 1 of [AMC1 ORO.FC.115](#_DxCrossRefBm318085582) and its integration into line operations: (A) the different types of CRM trainings (initial, recurrent, etc.); (B) combined training; and (C) training related to the type of aircraft or operation. Instructors holding a certificate in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241) may be credited towards (i) and (ii) if they have completed the refresher training defined in (4). (4) The refresher training of flight crew CRM trainers should include new methodologies, procedures and lessons learned, as well as additional topics such as the following: (i) Group facilitation skills including team dynamics, moderation skills and use of questions (ii) Course preparation, defining objectives and selecting methods to best convey knowledge (e.g. lecture, group work, case analysis, gamification, scenario-based training, individual research) (iii) Safety culture and management systems (iv) An example of an analysis of CRM factors in an accident or serious incident. (v) New developments or research in human factors and CRM (vi) TEM principles and their practical implementation in normal operations (5) Instructors, holding a certificate in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241), who are also CRM trainers, may combine the CRM trainer refresher training with instructor refresher training if the instructor refresher training meets all of the conditions defined in (4). (6) Instructors for other-than complex motor-powered aeroplanes should be qualified as flight crew CRM trainers for this aircraft category with no additional training, as specified in (3) and (4) when: (i) holding a certificate in accordance with [Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011](https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32011R1178&qid=1666684354241); and (ii) fulfilling the provisions of (b)(2) or (b)(5). (d) Knowledge of the relevant flight operations (1) The operator should evaluate the experience and knowledge of the flight crew CRM trainer. The evaluation of the operator should include at least: (i) the operational experience of the flight crew CRM trainer as a flight crew member; (ii) whether this experience as a flight crew member or a former flight crew member covers the aircraft category, the aircraft generation and the form of operations, as relevant to the operator. (2) If the flight crew CRM trainer does not have the relevant knowledge of the relevant flight operation based on the evaluation in (1), the operator should provide training to the flight crew CRM trainer to provide the adequate knowledge. (3) The operator should describe the assessment and training in the operations manual. (e) Team of CRM trainers If the flight crew CRM trainer is qualified in accordance with (b) but does not meet the conditions defined in (d), he or she may be assisted by a training assistant that has the knowledge of the relevant flight operations. The operator should ensure that all the following conditions are met: (1) The training assistant should meet the condition defined in (c) but needs not meet the conditions defined in (b). The training assistant should be an instructor or have experience in ground training. (2) The flight crew CRM trainer and the training assistant should prepare the training session together and adapt it to the operational needs of the operator. (3) If the flight crew CRM trainer and the training assistant have already provided training for the operator or for a similar operator, the operator may determine that condition (2) is met. (4) The flight crew CRM trainer and the training assistant should provide the training together. (5) The flight crew CRM trainer remains responsible for the training. (f) Assessment of a flight crew CRM trainer (1) The operator should ensure that the process for the assessment is included in the operations manual describing methods for observing, recording, interpreting and debriefing the flight crew CRM trainer. All personnel involved in the assessment must be credible and competent in their role. (2) The assessment should enable the flight crew CRM trainer to demonstrate the knowledge and ability to train the CRM training elements in the non-operational environment. Special attention should be given to fields such as group management, group dynamics and personal awareness. (3) The initial assessment of a flight crew CRM trainer by the operator may take place when conducting their first CRM training course. (4) The assessment of flight crew CRM trainers should be conducted by flight crew CRM trainers with a minimum of 3 years of experience. (g) The operator should only select a qualified and current flight crew CRM trainer meeting the conditions defined in (d) or (e).